Alice Dreger: Is anatomy destiny?

126,029 views ใƒป 2011-06-10

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: ammar hagar ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Bob Samuel
00:15
I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ุฅุซู†ูŠู†
ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุนุงู… 1979
00:20
on the exact same day, at the exact same moment,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ูุณู‡ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท , ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ,
00:23
each conceiving a baby, OK?
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠู†ุฌุจ ุทูู„ -- ุญุณู†ุง .
ูƒู„ ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ูŠู†ุฌุจูˆู† ุทูู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ .
00:26
So two couples each conceiving one baby.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชู‚ุถูˆุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูู‰ ุชุฎูŠู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ
00:28
Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุถูŠุชู… ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูู‰ ุชุตูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุŒ
00:31
because if you do, you're not going to listen to me,
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ู„ู† ุชุณุชู…ุนูˆุง ู„ู‰ .
00:34
so just imagine that for a moment.
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ู„ุฐุง ุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู„ุญุธุฉ .
00:36
And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case,
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณูŠู†ุงุฑูŠูˆ ุŒ
ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุตูˆุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุŒ
00:40
the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠ ูŠุญู…ู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… Y ุŒ
00:42
meeting that X chromosome of the egg.
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ูŠุฌุชู…ุน ุจุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… X ู„ู„ุจูˆูŠุถุฉ .
00:44
And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome,
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ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠ ูŠุญู…ู„ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… X ุŒ
00:48
meeting the X chromosome of the egg.
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ูŠุฌุชู…ุน ุจุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… X ู„ู„ุจูˆูŠุถุฉ .
00:50
Both are viable; both take off.
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ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ุฌุงู‡ุฒ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ .
ุณูˆู ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู„ุงุญู‚ .
00:53
We'll come back to these people later.
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ูุฃู†ุง ุงุฑุชุฏู‰ ู‚ุจุนุชูŠู†
00:55
So I wear two hats in most of what I do.
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ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ .
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุŒ
00:59
As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.
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ุฃุนู…ู„ ูู‰ ุนู„ู… ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ .
01:02
I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุคุฑุฎุฉ ุจุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุŒ
ูˆู…ุง ุฃุฏุฑุณู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡
01:06
is the way that people have dealt with anatomy --
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุงู…ู„ุช ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุน ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ --
01:08
meaning human bodies, animal bodies --
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ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ --
01:11
how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies;
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ูƒูŠู ุชุนุงู…ู„ุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุน ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุŒ ูˆู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ;
01:14
how have they thought about bodies.
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ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ููƒุฑุชู‡ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ .
01:16
The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist,
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ุงู„ู‚ุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑุชุฏูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠ
ุชู…ุซู„ู†ู‰ ูƒู†ุงุดุทุฉ ู†ุณุงุฆูŠุฉ ุŒ
01:20
as a patient advocate --
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ูƒุฏุงุนู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ --
01:22
or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate --
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ุฃูˆ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุŒ ูƒู…ุฏุงูุนุฉ ุนู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ --
01:25
for people who are patients of doctors.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก .
01:27
In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุนู…ู„ุช ู…ุนู‡ู…
ู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฌุณุฏูŠุฉ
01:31
that challenge social norms.
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ุชุชุญุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฃุนุฑุงู ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ .
01:33
So some of what I've worked on, for example,
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุนุถ ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ
01:35
is people who are conjoined twins --
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ุชูˆุฃู… ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ุŒ
01:37
two people within one body.
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ุดุฎุตูŠู† ููŠ ุฌุณุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ .
01:39
Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism --
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ุจุนุถ ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆููŠู† ุจุงู„ุฃู‚ุฒุงู… --
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ุฃู‚ุตุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏ .
01:42
so people who are much shorter than typical.
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01:44
And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex --
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ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑุง ู…ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู„ูŠู‡
ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ุงุฑุณูˆู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุชุงุฏุฉ --
01:48
so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types.
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ูุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠุฉ
ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠ .
01:52
And as a general term, we can use the term "intersex" for this.
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ูˆูƒู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุนุงู… ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุฎู†ูˆุซุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุบุฑุถ .
01:56
Intersex comes in a lot of different forms.
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ุงู„ุฎู†ูˆุซุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ .
01:58
I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex
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ุณูˆู ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ
ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู…ุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ
02:02
that isn't standard for male or female.
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ู„ุจุณุช ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ูƒุฐูƒุฑ ุฃูˆ ูƒุฃู†ุซู‰ .
02:04
So in one instance,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูƒุญุงู„ู‡ ุนุงู…ุฉ ุŒ
02:06
you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุดุฎุต ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช XY ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ุŒ
02:09
and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู† SRY ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… Y ( ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ )
02:12
tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life,
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ุชุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ูู‰ ู…ุฑุงุญู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุฑุฑู†ุง ุจู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุŒ
ู„ุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฎุตูŠุชูŠู† .
02:15
to become testes.
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02:16
So in the fetal life, those testes are pumping out testosterone.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ููŠ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฎุตูŠุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุถุฎ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุชุณุชูˆุณุชูŠุฑูˆู† .
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ูŠูุชู‚ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุงุช
02:20
But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone,
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ู„ุฃู† ุชุณู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุชุณุชูˆุณุชูŠุฑูˆู† ุŒ
ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุณุชูˆุณุชูŠุฑูˆู† .
02:25
the body doesn't react to the testosterone.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุนุฑุถ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ู…ุชู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ( ุฅุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช ูู‰ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ).
02:27
And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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02:30
So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it.
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ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุชุณุชูˆุณุชูŠุฑูˆู† ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฑุฏ ูุนู„ ู„ู‡ุง .
02:33
As a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path.
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ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌุณู…
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุณุงุฑ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ .
02:37
When the child is born, she looks like a girl.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุŒ ูˆุชุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูุชุงู‡ .
ู‡ูŠ ูุชุงุฉ . ูˆุชุฑุจุช ูƒูุชุงุฉ .
02:40
She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.
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ูˆูู‰ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู„ูŠุณ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุจู„ุบ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุบ
02:43
And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts,
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ูˆุชู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุชูƒู’ูˆู† ุตุฏุฑ ุŒ
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุฏุชู‡ุง ุŒ
02:47
but she's not getting her period,
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ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุชู†ุชุฌ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุง .
02:49
that somebody figures out something's up here.
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ูˆูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ
02:51
And they do some tests and figure out
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ูˆุฑุญู… ุŒ
02:53
that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus,
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ูู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุชูƒู’ูˆู† ุฎุตูŠุชูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง ุŒ ูˆูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… Y.
02:55
she has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome.
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ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ู… ู„ู„ูู‡ู…
02:58
Now what's important to understand
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู‚ุฏ ุชุธู†ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุŒ
03:00
is you may think of this person as really being male,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฐูƒูˆุฑุงู‹ .
03:02
but they're really not.
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03:03
Females, like males,
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุŒ
03:05
have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands.
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ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏู†ุง ุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฏุฏ ุงู„ูƒุธุฑูŠุฉ .
ุฅู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… .
03:08
They're in the back of our body.
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ูˆุงู„ุบุฏุฏ ุงู„ูƒุธุฑูŠุฉ ุชู†ุชุฌ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุŒ
03:10
And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ .
03:13
Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female --
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ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุซุงู„ูŠ -- ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠุฉ --
ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุชู‰
03:16
I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‰ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠุฉ --
03:18
but I think I'm probably typical --
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ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ู…ุซู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู‡ู… ุญุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† .
03:20
most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฌูŠุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ( ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ ).
03:23
We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens.
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03:25
The consequence is that somebody like me
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุดุฎุตุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ูŠ
03:27
has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุฑุถุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ
ู…ู† ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ูˆู„ุฏุช ุจุฎุตูŠุชูŠู†
03:31
than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฃุนุฑุงุถ ู‚ู„ุฉ ุญุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† .
03:34
So sex is really complicated --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชู‰ ู„ู‡ุง ุตูุฉ ุงู„ุฎู†ูˆุซุฉ
03:35
it's not just that intersex people
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ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุฃุทูŠุงู ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ --
03:37
are in the middle of all the sex spectrum --
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ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† .
03:39
in some ways, they can be all over the place.
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ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ :
03:41
Another example:
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุจุถุนุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุชู„ู‚ูŠุช ู…ูƒุงู„ู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฑุฌู„ ูƒุงู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ 19 ุณู†ุฉ ุŒ
03:43
a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old,
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03:45
who was born a boy, raised a boy,
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ู‚ุฏ ูˆูู„ุฏ ูƒุฐูƒุฑ ุŒ ุชุฑุจู‰ ูƒูˆู„ุฏ ุŒ
03:47
had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุตุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ู…ุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู…ุน ุตุฏูŠู‚ุชู‡ ุŒ
03:50
had a life as a guy,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ูƒุฑุฌู„
03:52
and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุนุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุจูŠุถูŠู† ูˆุฑุญู… ูู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ .
03:55
What he had was an extreme form
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
03:57
of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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ู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุชุถุฎู… ุฎู„ู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒุธุฑูŠุฉ .
ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุชู‡ XX ุŒ
04:00
He had XX chromosomes,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ุŒ
04:02
and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear
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ุบุฏุฏู‡ ุงู„ูƒุธุฑูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู†ุดุงุท ุฒุงุฆุฏ
04:05
that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุฎู„ู‚ุช ุŒ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุŒ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุฐูƒูˆุฑูŠุฉ .
04:09
And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinized,
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ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฃุนุถุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ
ุนู‚ู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฎุถุน
04:12
his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones.
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ู„ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช .
04:15
And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆูู„ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุงู„ุตุจูŠ -- ู„ู… ูŠุดูƒ ุฃู‰ ุดุฎุต ูู‰ ุฃู‰ ุดูŠุฆ ุบุฑูŠุจ .
04:18
And it was only when he had reached the age of 19
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ูˆูู‚ุท ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุณู† ุงู„ุชุงุณุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ
04:21
that he began to have enough medical problems from menstruating internally,
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ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุทุจูŠุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ
ู…ู† ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
04:25
that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female, internally.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฅูƒุชุดูู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุงู‹ .
ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ุณุฑูŠุนุงู‹
04:29
OK, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex.
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ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ูู‰ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฎู†ูˆุซุฉ .
04:32
Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis,
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช XX
ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ovotestis ( ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูˆุน ) ุŒ
04:36
which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู†ุณูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุจูŠุถ
ู…ุน ุฃู†ุณุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฎุตูŠุฉ ู…ู„ุชูู‡ ุญูˆู„ู‡ .
04:40
And we're not exactly sure why that happens.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ุณู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏูŠู† ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ .
04:42
So sex can come in lots of different varieties.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ .
04:45
The reason that children with these kinds of bodies --
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ุงู„ุณุจุจ
ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฌุณุงุฏู‡ู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ --
ุณูˆุงุก ูู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฒุงู… ุŒ ุฃูˆ ูู‰ ุงู„ุชูˆุฃู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ุŒ
04:50
whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning,
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ุฃูˆ ูู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฎู†ุซู‰ --
04:53
or it's an intersex type --
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04:54
are often "normalized" by surgeons
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ุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุนุฏูŠู„ู‡ุง ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญูŠู†
04:56
is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health.
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ูู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุฑูƒู‡ู… ูู‰ ุญุงู„ ุฃูุถู„
ู…ู† ู†ูˆุงุญู‰ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏู†ูŠุฉ .
05:00
In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.
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ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช , ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุตุญุชู‡ุง ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง .
05:03
The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries
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ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ูŠุฎุถุนูˆู† ู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠุฉ
05:06
is because they threaten our social categories.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‡ุฏุฏูˆู† ูุฆุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ .
05:09
Our system has been based typically on the idea
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุธุงู… ู‚ุฏ ุฅุณุชู†ุฏ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ููƒุฑุฉ
05:12
that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.
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ุฃู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ุน ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ .
05:15
So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ
ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุ›
05:18
is to have a female identity;
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ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ , ุฅุฏุนุงุฆุงู‹ ,
05:20
what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, to have an African anatomy
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
05:24
in terms of your history.
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ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ .
05:26
And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุฐุฌุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ูุธูŠุน ู„ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู‡ุงู… .
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ูˆุงุฌูŽู‡ ุจุฌุณุฏ
05:30
And when we're faced with a body
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05:31
that actually presents us something quite different,
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ู‡ูˆ ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูŠูุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ,
05:34
it startles us in terms of those categorizations.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูุฒุนู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุตู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠูุงุช .
05:37
So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism.
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑูˆู…ุงู†ุณูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง
ุนู† ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ .
05:41
And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.
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ูˆุฃู† ุฃู…ุชู†ุง ูˆุฌุฏุช ูˆุชุฃุณุณุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุฑูˆู…ุงู†ุณูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ .
ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ ูƒู… ู‡ูˆ ู…ููุฒุน
05:45
You can imagine how startling then it is
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05:47
when you have children who are born who are two people inside of one body.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ูˆู„ุฏูˆู†
ู‡ู… ุดุฎุตูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุณุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ .
05:51
Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently
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ุญูŠุซ ูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุบุฑุงุจุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
05:55
was last year when South African runner, Caster Semenya,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏู‘ุงุก ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ , ูƒุงุณุชุฑ ุณูŠู…ูŠู†ุง ,
05:58
had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.
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ูƒุงู† ุฌู†ุณู‡ุง ูŠุฏุนูˆ ู„ู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจุฑู„ูŠู† .
ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุญููŠูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุชุตู„ูˆู† ุจูŠ ูˆูŠุณุฃู„ูˆู†ู†ู‰ ,
06:02
I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me,
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06:04
"Which is the test they're going to run
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" ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุณุจุฌุฑูˆู†ู‡
06:06
that will tell us whether or not Caster Semenya is male or female?"
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ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช
ูƒุงุณุชุฑ ุณูŠู…ูŠู†ุง ุฐูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฃู… ุฃู†ุซู‰ุŸ "
06:10
And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุฃุดุฑุญ ู„ู„ุตุญููŠูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู‰ ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑ .
06:13
In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ , ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุฑู ุงู„ุขู†
ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉ
06:17
that we have to admit:
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ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู ุจู‡
06:19
Nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female,
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ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ู„ุง ุชุฑุณู… ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ูุงุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ,
06:22
or between male and intersex and female and intersex;
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ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฎู†ุซู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฎู†ูˆุซุฉ ุ›
06:25
we actually draw that line on nature.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑุณู… ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ .
06:28
So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes,
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ูู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฅุจุชุนุฏ ุจู†ุง ุฃุจุงู†ุง ุงู„ุนู„ู… ,
ูƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู ู„ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
06:33
the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช
06:36
that we thought of as stable anatomical categories,
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุธู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุงู‹
06:38
that mapped very simply to stable identity categories
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ุชูƒุดู ูˆุชูˆุถุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ
ุฃู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ
06:42
are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุบู…ูˆุถ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุธู† .
06:44
And it's not just in terms of sex.
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ูˆุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ .
06:46
It's also in terms of race,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ ,
06:48
which turns out to be vastly more complicated
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
06:50
than our terminology has allowed.
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ู…ู† ุณู…ุงุญ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ู„ู†ุง .
06:52
As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุชุทู„ุน , ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑูŠุญุฉ.
06:55
We look, for example, about the fact
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ู†ู†ุธุฑ , ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ , ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
06:57
that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชู‚ุงุณู… ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู‚ู„ ุนู† 95 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุญู…ุถู†ุง ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
ู…ุน ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ .
ู…ู† ู†ุญู† ู„ู†ู‚ุฑุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
07:02
What are we to make of the fact
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07:03
that we differ from them only, really, by a few nucleotides?
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฎุชู„ู ุนู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุณูˆู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠูˆุชูŠุฏุงุชุŸ
ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุชู‚ุฏู…ู†ุง โ€‹โ€‹ุฃุจุนุฏ ูˆุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู„ู… ,
07:07
And as we get farther and farther with our science,
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07:09
we get more and more into a discomforted zone,
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ู†ุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅุฑุชูŠุงุญ
ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู
07:12
where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
07:15
are probably overly simplistic.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูุฑุทุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุจุณูŠุท .
07:17
So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ู‡ุฐุง
ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† .
07:21
One of the places we're seeing it, for example,
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชู‰ ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง , ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ,
07:23
in our culture, in the United States today,
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ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง , ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ,
07:25
is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ุง .
07:28
We have difficult conversations
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุงุช ุตุนุจุฉ
07:30
about at what point we decide a body becomes a human,
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ุญูˆู„ ุนู†ุฏ ุฃูŠุฉ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุฑุฑ ุฃู† ุฌุณุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุตุจุญ ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุŒ
07:33
such that it has a different right than a fetal life.
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ู…ุซู„ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุฑุญู… .
07:36
We have very difficult conversations nowadays --
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุงุช ุญุงุฏู‡ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… --
07:38
probably not out in the open as much as within medicine --
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู† ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจ --
07:41
about the question of when somebody's dead.
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ุชู‰ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ู…ูŠุช .
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ , ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฃุฌุฏุงุฏู†ุง ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
07:44
In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุชู‰ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ู…ูŠุช .
07:46
with this question of when somebody was dead.
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ูู‰ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ , ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุฑูŠุดุฉ ุชุญุช ุฃู†ู ุงู„ุดุฎุต ,
07:48
At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose,
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ูˆุงุฐุง ุฅู‡ุชุฒุช , ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุฑูŠุซูˆุง ูู‰ ุฏูู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ .
07:51
and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet.
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ุฅุฐุง ุชูˆู‚ู ุงู„ุฅู‡ุชุฒุงุฒ , ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฏูู†ูˆู† ู…ูˆุชุงู‡ู… .
07:53
If it stopped twitching, you bury them.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู… , ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
07:55
But today, we have a situation
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07:56
where we want to take vital organs out of beings
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ
ูˆู†ุนุทุจู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠุดุฑ ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† .
07:59
and give them to other beings.
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08:00
And as a consequence,
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ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ
08:02
we have to struggle with this really difficult question
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ู†ุญู† ุนุงู„ู‚ูˆู† ู…ุน ุฅุถุทุฑุงุฑู†ุง ู„ู„ุตุฑุงุน ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุจุงู„ูุนู„
08:04
about who's dead,
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ุนู† ู…ู† ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ูŠุช .
08:06
and this leads us to a really difficult situation
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ู ุตุนุจ ุญู‚ุง
08:08
where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before.
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูุฆุงุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ .
08:11
Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories
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ุงู„ุขู† ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑ ู„ู„ูุฆุงุช
08:14
would make somebody like me really happy.
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ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุดุฎุต ู…ุซู„ูŠ ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹ .
08:16
I'm a political progressive, I defend people with unusual bodies,
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ุฃู†ุง ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฏู…ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃุฏุงูุน ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฌุณุงุฏู‡ู… ุบูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ,
ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃุนุชุฑู ู„ูƒู… ุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ุนุตุจูŠุฉ .
08:20
but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous.
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ูู‡ู… ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช
08:22
Understanding that these categories
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ู‡ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุธู† ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุชุฑุฉ .
08:24
are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense.
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ูˆูŠุฌุนู„ู†ูŠ ู…ุชูˆุชุฑุฉ
08:27
It makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy.
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ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ .
08:30
So in order to tell you about that tension,
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ูˆู„ูƒู‰ ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆุชุฑ ,
08:32
I have to first admit to you a huge fan of the Founding Fathers.
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ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุนุชุฑู ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุฃุดุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุฌุจูŠู† ุจุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู† .
08:35
I know they were racists, I know they were sexist,
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนู†ุตุฑูŠูŠู† , ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฌู†ุณูŠูŠู† ,
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนุธู…ุงุก .
08:38
but they were great.
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08:39
I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did,
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ุฃุนู†ู‰ , ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุดุฌุนุงู† ูˆุฌุณูˆุฑูŠู† ุฌุฏุงู‹
ูˆู…ุชุทุฑููˆู† ููŠ ู…ุง ูุนู„ูˆู‡
08:44
that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years,
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ุฃุฌุฏ ู†ูุณูŠ ุฃุดุงู‡ุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุทูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ูŠุฉ "1776" ูƒู„ ุจุถุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช ,
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ , ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฃุตุจุญุช ูู‰ ุทู‰ ุงู„ู†ุณูŠุงู† .
08:49
and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable.
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ุจู„ ุจุณุจุจ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุนุงู… 1776
08:52
It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู† .
08:55
The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view,
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ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูˆู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง , ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑูŠ ,
ุงู„ู†ุดุทุงุก ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ,
08:58
the original anatomical activists,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ .
09:00
and this is why.
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09:01
What they rejected was an anatomical concept
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ู…ุง ุฑูุถูˆู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠ
ูˆุฅุณุชุจุฏู„ูˆู‡ ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุขุฎุฑ
09:05
and replaced it with another one
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09:06
that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years.
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ูƒุงู† ุฑุงุฏูŠูƒุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ู…ุชุทุฑูุงู‹ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุงู‹ ูˆุตู…ุฏ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 200 ุนุงู…ุง .
09:09
So as you all recall,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุชุฐูƒุฑูˆู† ูƒู„ูƒู… ,
09:11
what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy,
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ู…ุง ุฑูุถู‡ ุขุจุงุคู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูˆู† ูƒุงู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ู„ูŽูƒูŠุฉ .
ูˆุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠ ุฅุณุชู†ุฏ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹
09:15
and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุจุณูŠุท ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ .
09:18
The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA,
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ู…ู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…
ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ,
09:22
but they did have a concept of birthright.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ .
09:24
They had a concept of blue blood.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ( ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ).
09:26
They had the idea that the people who would be in political power
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ
09:29
should be in political power because of the blood being passed down
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ
ุจุณุจุจ ุฅุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ ุชู†ุงู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฏู…
09:32
from grandfather to father to son and so forth.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุจู† ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฏูˆุงู„ูŠูƒ .
ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู† ุฑูุถูˆุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ,
09:37
The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,
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ูˆุฅุณุชุจุฏู„ูˆู‡ุง ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุชุดุฑูŠุญู‰ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ,
09:39
and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู…
09:42
and that concept was "all men are created equal."
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ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฎูู„ู‚ูˆุง ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠู† .
09:45
They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered
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ุฌุนู„ูˆุง ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ู„ุนุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
ูˆู‚ุฑุฑูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠู‡ู…
09:49
was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy,
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ูƒุงู† ู‚ุงุณู…ุงู‹ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุงู‹ ูˆู…ูˆุญุฏุงู‹ ู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ,
ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ .
09:53
and that was a really radical thing to do.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุดูŠุฆุง ุฌุฐุฑูŠุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ .
09:56
Now they were doing it in part
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ุงู„ุขู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ ููŠ ุฌุฒุก
09:58
because they were part of an Enlightenment system
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ู†ุธุงู… ุชู†ูˆูŠุฑู‰
10:00
where two things were growing up together.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ูŠูƒุจุฑ ุดูŠุฆูŠู† ู…ุนุงู‹ .
10:02
And that was democracy growing up,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ู‰ ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุŒ
10:04
but it was also science growing up at the same time.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุฃูŠุถุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช .
ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุงู‹ , ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุงู„ู‰ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู† ,
10:08
And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ู‡ุชู… ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุนู„ู… ,
10:11
a lot of them were very interested in science,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฑุบุจูˆู† ููŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…
10:13
and they were interested in the concept of a naturalistic world.
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ุนุงู„ู… ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ .
ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุจุชุนุฏูˆู† ุนู† ุชูุณูŠุฑุงุช ุฎุงุฑู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ,
10:16
They were moving away from supernatural explanations,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฑูุถูˆู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑู‚ุฉ ,
10:19
and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃุญุงู„ุชู‡
10:22
where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright.
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ุจุณุจุจ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุบุงู…ุถ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนู‰ .
10:26
They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุชุฌู‡ูˆู† ู†ุญูˆ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุทุจูŠุนูŠ .
ูˆุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช , ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ , ููŠ ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฅุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„ ,
10:29
And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence,
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ูˆุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ .
10:32
they talk about nature and nature's God.
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10:34
They don't talk about God and God's nature.
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ูู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ .
ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ุนู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ
10:37
They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are.
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ู„ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ู†ุญู† .
10:40
So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูƒุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ,
ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู…
10:44
that was about anatomical commonality.
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ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุณู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ .
10:46
And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way
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ูˆุจุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ , ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูŠุถุนูˆู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฌู…ูŠู„
ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ .
10:50
the Civil Rights Movement of the future.
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ู„ู… ูŠููƒุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุญูˆ , ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู†ุง , ูˆูƒุงู† ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนุธูŠู…ุงู‹ .
10:52
They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.
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ูู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุŸ
10:55
So what happened years afterwards?
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ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ , ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ,
10:57
What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote,
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฃุฑุงุฏุช ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช ,
11:00
took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality
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ุฃุฎุฐุช ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู†
ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
11:04
being more important than anatomical difference
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑูˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ
11:06
and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ุช : "ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ
11:08
is not significant enough in terms of a difference
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ู„ูŠุณุช ุฐุงุช ู…ุบุฒู‰ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูู‰ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู‚
11:11
to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote,
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ุจู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู†ุง ุญู‚ ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช ,
ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ,
11:14
the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc."
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ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ , ุฅู„ุฎ , ุฅู„ุฎ. "
11:17
And women successfully argued that.
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุฌุงุฏู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู†ุฌุงุญ .
11:19
Next came the successful Civil Rights Movement,
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ุฌุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุฌุญุฉ ,
11:22
where we found people like Sojourner Truth
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ุญูŠุซ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ู†ุงุณ ู…ุซู„ ุณูˆุฌูˆุฑู†ุฑ ุชุฑูˆุซ ( ู†ุงุดุทุฉ ูู‰ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ )
11:24
talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
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ุชุชุญุฏุซ " ุฃู„ุณุช ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุŸ "
11:26
We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights Movement
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ู†ุฌุฏ ุฑุฌุงู„
ุนู„ู‰ ุบุฑุงุฑ ู…ุณูŠุฑุฉ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุฉ
11:30
saying, "I am a man."
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† : " ุฃู†ุง ุฑุฌู„ ".
11:32
Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ , ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆู†ูˆู†
ู…ู†ุฌุฐุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุงุณู… ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุฌุฐุงุจู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ูุฑูˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ,
11:36
over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully.
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ , ุจู†ุฌุงุญ .
ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ุน ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ .
11:39
We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.
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11:42
The problem is, of course,
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ , ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ,
11:44
that, as we begin to look at all that commonality,
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ุฐู„ูƒ , ูƒู…ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุญุฏุฉ ,
ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุณุคุงู„
11:47
we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ .
11:50
Mind you, I want to maintain some divisions,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุชู…ุงู†ุนูˆู† , ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ,
ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ , ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง .
11:53
anatomically, in our culture.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ , ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ
11:55
For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human.
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ู„ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ุณู…ูƒุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ูƒุฅู†ุณุงู† .
11:58
I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุชุฎู„ู‰ ุนู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ .
ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุทูู„ ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุฎู…ุณ ุณู†ูˆุงุช
12:01
I don't want to say a five-year-old
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ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุงูู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงุฌ .
12:03
should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.
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12:05
So there are some anatomical divisions
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ
12:07
that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุซู„ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู‰ , ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง .
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠ ูŠูƒู…ู† ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
12:11
But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are
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12:13
and why do we retain them, and do they have meaning.
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ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุญุชูุงุธ ุจู‡ู… ูˆู‡ู„ ูŠุญู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุนู†ู‰ .
12:16
So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ูŠู†
ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ .
12:20
We have two beings, both conceived
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ , ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ุชุฎูŠู„ู‰
12:22
in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.
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ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุนุงู… 1979 ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ูุณู‡ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท .
12:25
Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely,
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… , ู…ุงุฑู‰ ,
ูˆู„ุฏุช ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู† ,
12:29
so she's born on June 1, 1980.
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ูˆู„ุฏุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ูŠูˆู†ูŠูˆ ุญุฒูŠุฑุงู† ุนุงู… 1980.
ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ , ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถ , ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ููŠ ู…ูŠุนุงุฏู‡ ,
12:32
Henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู„ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ู…ุงุฑุณ , 1980.
12:36
Simply by virtue of the fact
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ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุจุญูƒู… ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
12:38
that Mary was born prematurely three months,
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ุฃู† ู…ุงุฑู‰ ูˆู„ุฏุช ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู† ,
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุชุญู‚ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚
12:41
she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does --
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ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฌุฆ ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ --
12:45
the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
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ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงูู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ,
ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุช , ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุดุฑุจ .
12:49
Henry has to wait for all of that,
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ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุชุธุฑ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ,
12:51
not because he's actually any different in age, biologically,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจู‡ ุฃูŠ ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ , ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงู‹ ,
12:54
except in terms of when he was born.
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ุฅู„ุง ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุชู‰ ูˆู„ูุฏ .
ู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุงู‹ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฑุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู†ู‚ุฑุฑ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ู‡ู… .
12:57
We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.
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ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ , ุจุญูƒู… ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู…ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐูƒุฑ --
13:00
Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male --
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13:02
although I haven't told you that he's the XY one --
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู… ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠู…ุซู„ XY --
ุจุญูƒู… ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู…ููุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐูƒุฑ
13:05
by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุขู† ุนูุฑุถู‡ ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุตูŠุงุบุฉ ,
13:09
which Mary does not need to worry about.
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ุญูŠุซ ู…ุงุฑูŠ ู„ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุฃู† ู†ู‚ู„ู‚ ุจุดุฃู†ู‡ุง .
13:11
Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right
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ู…ุงุฑู‰ , ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู†ูุณู‡ , ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฏูˆู„
ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ู†ุฑู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญู‚ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู„ู‡ ูู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ,
13:15
that Henry has in all the states,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ , ุงู„ุญู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงุฌ .
13:16
namely, the right to marry.
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ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฒูˆุงุฌ ุจุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ,
13:18
Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,
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13:20
but Mary can only marry today in a few states, a woman.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุงุฑู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชุฒูˆุฌ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุจุถุน ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู…ุฑุฃุฉ .
13:24
So we have these anatomical categories that persist,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ
13:27
that are in many ways problematic and questionable.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุงุญ ู…ุฑูŠุจุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุดูƒูˆูƒ ููŠู‡ุง .
ูˆุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู„ู‰ ูŠูุตุจุญ :
13:31
And the question to me becomes:
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13:32
What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy,
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ูุนู„ ,
ูƒู…ุง ุนูู„ู…ู†ุง ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู…
ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ ,
13:38
that we reach the point where we have to admit
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ุฃู† ู†ุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู
13:41
that a democracy that's been based on anatomy
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ุงู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‰ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุณุชู†ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ
13:44
might start falling apart?
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุจุฏุฃ ูู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑ ุŸ
ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ,
13:47
I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ู†ุดุนุฑ
13:49
it feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุฎุฑุฌ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุชุญุช ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง .
ุฅุฐู† , ุฃูŠู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุŸ
13:53
So where do we go?
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง
13:55
It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude:
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฅุชุฌุงู‡ ุนู…ู„ูŠ :
"ุญุณู†ุง , ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุฎุท ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ,
13:59
"We have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere."
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู†ู†ุง ุณูˆู ู†ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ูุงุตู„ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ".
14:02
But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุชุนุซุฑ ููŠ ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ,
14:05
So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man
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ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุชูƒุณุงุณ ู‚ุฏ ุฅุชุฎุฐุช ู…ูˆู‚ูุงู‹ ุชุฌุงู‡
ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ุชุชุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุฑุฌู„
14:10
is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… Y ,
14:12
and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ุชุชุฒูˆุฌ ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ูŠูู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… Y.
ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ุง ูŠุฎุชุจุฑูˆู† ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡ู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„ .
14:15
In practice they don't test people for their chromosomes.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ุบุฑูŠุจ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ,
14:18
But this is also very bizarre,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุณุจู‚ ุฃู† ุฐูƒุฑุชู‡ุง ู„ูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
14:20
because of the story I told you at the beginning
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุชู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ( AIS ) ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฐูƒูŠุฑ .
14:22
about androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณูŠู† ู„ู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ,
14:24
If we look at one of the Founding Fathers of modern democracy,
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ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุงุฑุชู† ู„ูˆุซุฑ ูƒูŠู†ุบ ,
14:27
Dr. Martin Luther King,
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14:28
he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ู† ุญู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ููŠ ุฎุทุงุจู‡ " ู„ุฏูŠ ุญู„ู… ".
ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ " ู„ูŠุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ู„ูˆู† ุจุดุฑุชู‡ู… ,
14:32
He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ู‡ู… ูˆุดุฎุตูŠุชู‡ู… ุŒ "
14:35
but on the content of their character,"
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ู…ุชุฌุงูˆุฒุงู‹ ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ .
14:37
moving beyond anatomy.
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14:38
And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea."
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ , "ู†ุนู… , ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒููƒุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ".
14:41
But in practice, how do you do it?
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ , ูƒูŠู ุชูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
14:43
How do you judge people based on the content of character?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ู…ุถู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุŸ
ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู† ุฃุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰
14:47
I also want to point out
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14:48
that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans,
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ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู…ู†ุง ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ,
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุฑู ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุณู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ ุฃุนุฑูู‡ู…
14:52
because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุณุชุญู‚ุงู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ
14:55
that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know.
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ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนุฑูู‡ู… .
ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู„ุงุจุฑุงุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนุฑูู‡ู… ( ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ )
14:59
I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู… , ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ , ุฐุงุช ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ู†ุงุถุฌุฉ
15:02
that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ู… ูู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนุฑูู‡ู… .
15:05
about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know.
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ููƒูŠู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชูุนูŠู„ ุฃูˆ ุชุนู…ูŠู…
15:08
So how do we operationalize the question of content of character?
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ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ุถู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุŸ
15:12
It turns out to be really difficult.
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ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉ .
15:14
And part of me also wonders,
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ูˆุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‰ ูŠุชุนุฌุจ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ,
15:16
what if content of character
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ
15:17
turns out to be something that's scannable in the future --
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ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ู„ูŠุตูŠุญ ุดูŠุฆ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆู‰ ูู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ --
15:21
able to be seen with an fMRI?
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู†ูˆุน ุญุฏูŠุซ ุจุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฑู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠ ( FMRI ) ุŸ
ู‡ู„ ู†ุญู† ุญู‚ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŸ
15:24
Do we really want to go there?
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ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ .
15:26
I'm not sure where we go.
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15:27
What I do know is that it seems to be really important
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ู…ุง ุฃุนุฑูู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุญู‚ุงู‹
ู„ุฃู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ููŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุตุฏุงุฑุฉ
15:30
to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead
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ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ .
15:33
of thinking about this issue of democracy.
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ู„ู‚ุฏุญู‚ู‚ู†ุง ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูƒูุงุญุงู‹ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ,
15:35
We've done a really good job struggling with democracy,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฅู†ู†ุง ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ .
15:38
and I think we would do a good job in the future.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฃู† ุฅูŠุฑุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง , ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ,
15:40
We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุฑุฌู„ุงู‹ ูŠู†ุฌุฐุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑุฌู„ ุขุฎุฑ
15:43
where a man who's sexually attracted to other men
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุชู„ ,
15:45
is liable to be murdered,
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15:46
unless he's willing to submit to a sex change,
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ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูŽู‚ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฌู†ุณู‡ ,
15:48
in which case he's allowed to live.
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนูŠุด .
ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช .
15:51
We don't have that kind of situation.
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15:52
I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with --
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ุฃู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู†ู†ุง ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ู…ุน --
ุชุญุฏุซุช ู…ุน ุฌุฑุงุญ ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ุถุช
15:56
a surgeon I talked to a few years ago
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดุงุฑูƒ ูู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ูุตู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฆู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ
15:58
who had brought over a set of conjoined twins
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16:00
in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ูุตู„ู‡ู…ุง , ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู„ูƒู‰ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฅุณู… ู„ู†ูุณู‡ .
ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชู ู…ุนู‡ ,
16:03
But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he'll do this surgery --
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ุฃุณุฃู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุณูŠูุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ --
ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ --
16:07
this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation,
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ูƒุงู† ุฌูˆุงุจู‡ ุŒ ูู‰ ุฏูˆู„ุชู‡ ,
16:10
these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุณูŠุนุงู…ู„ูˆู† ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ , ูˆู„ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ .
ุฌูˆุงุจูŠ ู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† "ุญุณู†ุง , ู‡ู„ ุฃุฎุฐุช ูู‰ ุงู„ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ู„ุฌูˆุก ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ
16:14
My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum
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ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ูุตู„ ุŸ "
16:17
instead of a separation surgery?"
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16:19
The United States has offered tremendous possibility
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนุฑุถุช ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ
16:21
for allowing people to be the way they are,
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ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ู… ูƒู…ุง ู‡ู… ,
16:24
without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state.
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ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ .
16:27
So I think we have to be in the lead.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตุฏุงุฑุฉ .
ุญุณู†ุง , ูู‰ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซู‰ , ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญ ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
16:30
Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you
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16:32
that I've been talking a lot about the Fathers.
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ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ุชุญุฏุซุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก .
ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช
16:35
And I want to think about the possibilities
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16:37
of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like,
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ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ , ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ู…ุง ุจุฏุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ,
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช .
16:40
if we had more involved the mothers.
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16:42
And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist,
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ุชุทุฑูุงู‹ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ู†ุดุทุงุก ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ,
16:45
and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights
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ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‰ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุคู‰
16:49
that can come from different kinds of anatomies,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฃุชู‰ ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญุงุช ,
16:51
particularly when we have people thinking in groups.
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ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ุงุณ ุชููƒุฑ ูู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช .
16:54
For years, because I've been interested in intersex,
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ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุขู† , ู„ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ุฃู‡ุชู… ุจ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ,
ูƒู†ุช ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ู‡ุชู…ุฉ ุจุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ูุฑูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ .
16:57
I've also been interested in sex-difference research.
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ูˆุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุช ูˆู…ุงุฒุงู„ุช ู…ู‡ุชู…ุฉ ุจู‡ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹
16:59
And one of the things that I've been interested in
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑูˆู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ
17:01
is looking at the differences between males and females
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ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ุจู‡ุง ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… .
17:04
in terms of the way they think and operate in the world.
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ูˆู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ู…ู† ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ุฃูˆ ( ุงู„ุฅู†ุซุฑุจูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง )
17:07
And what we know from cross-cultural studies
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17:09
is that females, on average --
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ โ€‹โ€‹--
17:11
not everyone, but on average --
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ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน , ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท โ€‹โ€‹--
17:13
are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations
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ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู†ุชุจุงู‡ุงู‹
ู„ู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ
ูˆุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
17:18
and to taking care of people
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17:19
who are, basically, vulnerable within the group.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ุญุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ .
17:22
And so if we think about that,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ,
ูู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ูู‰ ุฃูŠุฏูŠู†ุง .
17:25
we have an interesting situation in hands.
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ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ุถุช , ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ,
17:27
Years ago, when I was in graduate school,
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุณุงุชุฐุชู‰ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุฑููˆุง ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ู…ู‡ุชู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ุงู„ู†ุณุงุฆู‰ --
17:29
one of my graduate advisors who knew I was interested in feminism --
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ุฅุนุชุจุฑุช ู†ูุณูŠ ู†ุงุดุทุฉ ู†ุณุงุฆูŠุฉ , ูƒู…ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฒุงู„ --
17:32
I considered myself a feminist, as I still do,
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ุณุฃู„ู†ู‰ ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹ ุบุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุญู‚ุง .
17:34
asked a really strange question.
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ู‚ุงู„ : " ู‚ูˆู„ู‰ ู„ูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ู‰ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุซุฉ ุจุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุฆูŠุฉ ".
17:36
He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism."
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ูˆููƒุฑุช : "ุญุณู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุบุจู‰ ุณุคุงู„ ุณู…ุนุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ .
17:39
And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest question I've ever heard.
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ุงู„ู†ุณูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ู‰ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู† ุงู„ุชุฑุงุฌุน ุนู† ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠุฉ ูู‰ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ,
17:42
Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดูŠุก ู…ุคู†ุซ ู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุฆูŠุฉ ".
17:44
so there's nothing feminine about feminism."
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17:46
But the more I thought about his question,
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ู…ุง ููƒุฑุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ููŠ ุณุคุงู„ู‡ ,
17:48
the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุธู†ู†ุช ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ุฃู†ุซูˆู‰ ู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู†ุณุงุฆูŠุฉ .
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ , ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง , ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏ โ€‹โ€‹,
17:52
That is to say, there might be something, on average,
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17:54
different about female brains from male brains
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ู…ุฎุชู„ู ูู‰ ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุนู† ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„
17:57
that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships,
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ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูŠู‚ุธุฉ
ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
18:02
and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable.
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู†ุชุจุงู‡ุง ู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูุงุก .
18:05
So whereas the Fathers were extremely attentive
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ูŠู‚ุธูˆู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
18:08
to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state,
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ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ,
ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุฃุถูู†ุง ุฃู…ู‡ุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ
18:12
it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ,
18:15
what we would have is more of a concept of not just how to protect,
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ููŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ , ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ูƒูŠู ู†ุญู…ู‰ ,
18:19
but how to care for each other.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ู†ู‡ุชู… ุจุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ .
18:21
And maybe that's where we need to go in the future,
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ,
18:24
when we take democracy beyond anatomy,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุญ --
18:26
is to think less about the individual body in terms of the identity,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ุฃู‚ู„ ูู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ูุฑุฏ
ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ,
18:30
and think more about those relationships.
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ูˆุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช .
18:32
So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒุจุดุฑ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ูŽุฎู„ู‚ ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ู…ุซุงู„ู‰ ุŒ
ู†ุญู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ู„ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ .
18:36
we're thinking about what we do for each other.
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ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… .
18:39
Thank you.
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18:40
(Applause)
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( ุชุตููŠู‚ )

Original video on YouTube.com
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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