Alice Dreger: Is anatomy destiny?

125,740 views ใƒป 2011-06-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bianca Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„,
1979๋…„์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ , ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•Œ,
00:20
on the exact same day, at the exact same moment,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„์‹ ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ
00:23
each conceiving a baby, OK?
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š” โ€“ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ์ปคํ”Œ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
So two couples each conceiving one baby.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์ปจ์…‰์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
00:28
Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ด๊ฒƒ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์‹œ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:31
because if you do, you're not going to listen to me,
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ค ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
00:34
so just imagine that for a moment.
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:36
And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case,
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์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ,
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” Y์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ž๊ฐ€,
00:40
the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,
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X์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
00:42
meeting that X chromosome of the egg.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:44
And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„ ,
X์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •์ž๊ฐ€,
00:48
meeting the X chromosome of the egg.
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์—ญ์‹œ X์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Both are viable; both take off.
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๋‘˜๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
We'll come back to these people later.
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์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—์„ 
00:55
So I wear two hats in most of what I do.
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๋ชจ์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
00:59
As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:02
I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case
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์ €๋Š” ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์ด๊ณ ,
๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:06
is the way that people have dealt with anatomy --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋ค„์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
01:08
meaning human bodies, animal bodies --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ  โ€“
01:11
how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies;
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒด์•ก๊ณผ ๋ชธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
01:14
how have they thought about bodies.
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๋ชธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:16
The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ž๋Š”
ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ,
01:20
as a patient advocate --
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ํ™˜์ž๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
01:22
or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate --
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๋˜๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋” ๋งํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ์—ด๋ ฌํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋กœ์„œ์ฃ  โ€“
01:25
for people who are patients of doctors.
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์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types
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๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•ด ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋„์ „์„ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š”
01:31
that challenge social norms.
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์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
So some of what I've worked on, for example,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”,
01:35
is people who are conjoined twins --
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๋ชธ์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ
01:37
two people within one body.
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์ƒด์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism --
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์ €๋Š” ์™œ์†Œ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:42
so people who are much shorter than typical.
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01:44
And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex --
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š”
์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
01:48
so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜
์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
01:52
And as a general term, we can use the term "intersex" for this.
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„์„ฑ(้–“ๆ€ง)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:56
Intersex comes in a lot of different forms.
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๊ฐ„์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ์„
๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜
02:02
that isn't standard for male or female.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
So in one instance,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ,
02:06
you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis,
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XY์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
02:09
and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome
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๊ทธ Y์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ SRY๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
02:12
tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‹์†Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…๋ นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‹์†Œ๋Š” ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ์—
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ ํ™˜์ด ๋˜์ง€์š”.
02:15
to become testes.
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02:16
So in the fetal life, those testes are pumping out testosterone.
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ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ ํ™˜์€ ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€
02:20
But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone,
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๊ทธ ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด,
์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
the body doesn't react to the testosterone.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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02:30
So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it.
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ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:33
As a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š”
์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
When the child is born, she looks like a girl.
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์ด ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ, ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
์—ฌ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜์ฃ .
02:40
She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ ,
02:43
And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts,
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์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์Šด๋„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:47
but she's not getting her period,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
that somebody figures out something's up here.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
02:51
And they do some tests and figure out
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์—” ๋‚œ์†Œ์™€ ์ž๊ถ ๋Œ€์‹ ,
02:53
that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus,
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๊ณ ํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  X์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
she has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:58
Now what's important to understand
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
03:00
is you may think of this person as really being male,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
but they're really not.
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03:03
Females, like males,
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
03:05
have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชธ์†์—” ๋ถ€์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชธ ๋’ทํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:08
They're in the back of our body.
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๋ถ€์‹ ์€ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.
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์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female --
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์ €์™€๊ฐ™์€ โ€“ ์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
03:16
I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up,
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์•„๋งˆ ์ •์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
03:18
but I think I'm probably typical --
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
03:23
We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens.
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03:25
The consequence is that somebody like me
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
03:27
has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens
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์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
03:31
than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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๊ณ ํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:34
So sex is really complicated --
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์„ฑ(ๅง“)์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ง€
03:35
it's not just that intersex people
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์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
03:37
are in the middle of all the sex spectrum --
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์–ด๋–ค ์ ์—์„ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:39
in some ways, they can be all over the place.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
03:41
Another example:
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๋ช‡๋…„์ „ ์ €๋Š” 19์‚ด์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
03:43
a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old,
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03:45
who was born a boy, raised a boy,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋กœ ์ž๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:47
had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend,
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์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:50
had a life as a guy,
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:52
and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์— ๋‚œ์†Œ์™€ ์ž๊ถ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
What he had was an extreme form
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์‹  ์ฆ์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š”
03:57
of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Š” XX์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ ,
04:00
He had XX chromosomes,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ž๊ถ์†์—
04:02
and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear
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๋ถ€์‹ ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์–ด,
04:05
that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinized,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ ,
๊ทธ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋˜ํ•œ
04:12
his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:15
And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์•„์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
04:18
And it was only when he had reached the age of 19
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 19์‚ด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:21
that he began to have enough medical problems from menstruating internally,
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ
์˜ํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:25
that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female, internally.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:29
OK, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex.
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๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์งง์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:32
Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis,
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XX์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ช‡์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
๋‚œ์ •์†Œ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:36
which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚œ์ž ์กฐ์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด
๊ณ ํ™˜ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
And we're not exactly sure why that happens.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
So sex can come in lots of different varieties.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:45
The reason that children with these kinds of bodies --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ
์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด โ€“
์™œ์†Œ์ฆ์ด๋“ , ์ƒด์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋“ ,
04:50
whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning,
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์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋“  โ€“
04:53
or it's an intersex type --
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04:54
are often "normalized" by surgeons
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋”
04:56
is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health.
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์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ ์ฐฉ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ
๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:03
The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:06
is because they threaten our social categories.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:09
Our system has been based typically on the idea
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด, ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋…์ž์„ฑ์„
05:12
that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.
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๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„
๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
is to have a female identity;
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ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋Œ€๋กœ,
05:20
what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, to have an African anatomy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:24
in terms of your history.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
05:26
And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์˜
05:30
And when we're faced with a body
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05:31
that actually presents us something quite different,
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์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
05:34
it startles us in terms of those categorizations.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:37
So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ์•ˆ์—์„œ
๋งŽ์€ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•œ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
05:45
You can imagine how startling then it is
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05:47
when you have children who are born who are two people inside of one body.
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๋‘ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ผ์‹ค ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ๋˜ ์ผ์€
05:55
was last year when South African runner, Caster Semenya,
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์ž‘๋…„์— ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์œก์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ ์นด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ธ๋ฉ”๋ƒ์”จ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด
05:58
had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.
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๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œก์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ž๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:02
I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me,
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06:04
"Which is the test they're going to run
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โ€œ์–ด๋–ค ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์นด์Šคํ„ฐ์”จ๊ฐ€
06:06
that will tell us whether or not Caster Semenya is male or female?"
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?โ€
06:10
And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€
๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์„œ
06:17
that we have to admit:
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด,
06:19
Nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ ์„
06:22
or between male and intersex and female and intersex;
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธ‹์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
we actually draw that line on nature.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์— ์„ ์„ ๊ธ‹๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:28
So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ
06:36
that we thought of as stable anatomical categories,
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”๊ณ 
06:38
that mapped very simply to stable identity categories
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งœ์—ฌ์ ธ
์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋…์ž์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
06:42
are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์• ๋งคํ•˜๋‹จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:44
And it's not just in terms of sex.
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์„ฑ๋ณ„์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
It's also in terms of race,
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์ธ์ข…๋„
06:48
which turns out to be vastly more complicated
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:50
than our terminology has allowed.
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
We look, for example, about the fact
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ
06:57
that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees.
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95%์˜ DNA๋ฅผ
์นจํŒฌ์น˜์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ง€
07:02
What are we to make of the fact
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07:03
that we differ from them only, really, by a few nucleotides?
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
07:07
And as we get farther and farther with our science,
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07:09
we get more and more into a discomforted zone,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ
07:12
where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had
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์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
07:15
are probably overly simplistic.
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์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
07:17
So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„
์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
One of the places we're seeing it, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ,
07:23
in our culture, in the United States today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณณ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
07:25
is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life.
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์‚ถ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
We have difficult conversations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
07:30
about at what point we decide a body becomes a human,
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์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‚œ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:33
such that it has a different right than a fetal life.
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ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:36
We have very difficult conversations nowadays --
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์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
07:38
probably not out in the open as much as within medicine --
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์•ฝ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ โ€“
07:41
about the question of when somebody's dead.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
07:44
In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much
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์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์• ์“ธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
with this question of when somebody was dead.
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๋ณดํ†ต, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ฝ” ๋ฐ‘์— ๊นƒํ„ธ์„ ๋†“๊ณ ,
07:48
At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์”ฐ๋ฃฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋•…์†์— ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet.
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์”ฐ๋ฃฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:53
If it stopped twitching, you bury them.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์—์„œ
07:55
But today, we have a situation
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07:56
where we want to take vital organs out of beings
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์ค‘์š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด์–ด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
and give them to other beings.
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08:00
And as a consequence,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:02
we have to struggle with this really difficult question
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€์ง€์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
08:04
about who's dead,
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๋‚œํ•ดํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
and this leads us to a really difficult situation
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜
08:08
where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ
08:14
would make somebody like me really happy.
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์ €๊ฐ™์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
I'm a political progressive, I defend people with unusual bodies,
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์ €๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ณด์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ˆ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ„ธ์–ด๋†”์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
08:20
but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:22
Understanding that these categories
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ ๊ธด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:24
are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
08:27
It makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ ˆ ๊ธด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
So in order to tell you about that tension,
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๊ธด์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
08:32
I have to first admit to you a huge fan of the Founding Fathers.
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์ €๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์„ฑ ํŒฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
I know they were racists, I know they were sexist,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€์ง€๋งŒ,
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
but they were great.
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08:39
I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did,
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ด๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years,
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์ €๋Š” โ€œ1776โ€์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ์„ ๋ช‡๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
์Œ์•… ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋ณผ์ผ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:49
and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 1776์—์„œ
08:52
It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers.
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ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช์€ ์ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€, ์ œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„ ,
๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
08:58
the original anatomical activists,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
and this is why.
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09:01
What they rejected was an anatomical concept
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ปจ์…‰์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ
09:05
and replaced it with another one
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09:06
that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 200๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
So as you all recall,
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋“ฏ,
09:11
what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ
09:15
and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy.
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ปจ์…‰์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA,
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์˜›๋‚ ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋“ค์€
DNA๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:22
but they did have a concept of birthright.
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๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
They had a concept of blue blood.
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๊ท€์กฑ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์˜ ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:26
They had the idea that the people who would be in political power
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์  ํž˜์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
09:29
should be in political power because of the blood being passed down
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—์„œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€,
09:32
from grandfather to father to son and so forth.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—์„œ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ด ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:37
The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปจ์…‰์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:39
and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
09:42
and that concept was "all men are created equal."
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ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋ผ
09:49
was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy,
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
and that was a really radical thing to do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Now they were doing it in part
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:58
because they were part of an Enlightenment system
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฌ๋˜
10:00
where two things were growing up together.
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๊ณ„๋ชฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And that was democracy growing up,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋˜ ๋™์‹œ์—,
10:04
but it was also science growing up at the same time.
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๊ณผํ•™๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:08
And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ ,
10:11
a lot of them were very interested in science,
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์ž์—ฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ปจ์…‰ ๋˜ํ•œ
10:13
and they were interested in the concept of a naturalistic world.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์  ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜,
10:16
They were moving away from supernatural explanations,
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๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์• ๋งคํ•œ ์ปจ์…‰๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:19
and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power,
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๊ทธ ์ปจ์…‰์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
10:22
where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright.
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์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํž˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.
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์ž์—ฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ปจ์…‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
10:29
And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์‹ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
they talk about nature and nature's God.
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10:34
They don't talk about God and God's nature.
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์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹ ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:37
They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are.
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„ ,
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
10:44
that was about anatomical commonality.
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์ปจ์…‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ์›€์ง์ž„์˜
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:50
the Civil Rights Movement of the future.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์—” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
10:55
So what happened years afterwards?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
10:57
What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote,
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๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€,
11:00
took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality
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ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ์ปจ์…‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:04
being more important than anatomical difference
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ์†Œ์™€ ์ž๊ถ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
11:08
is not significant enough in terms of a difference
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„  ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ,
11:11
to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote,
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜
11:14
the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc."
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๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
11:17
And women successfully argued that.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
Next came the successful Civil Rights Movement,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜,
11:22
where we found people like Sojourner Truth
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์†Œ์ €๋„ˆ ํŠธ๋ฃจ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
11:24
talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
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โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:26
We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights Movement
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ์›€์ง์ž„์˜ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์—์„œ โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
11:30
saying, "I am a man."
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
์œ ์ƒ‰ ์ธ์ข…์€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์—
11:36
over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully.
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๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํ•„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ์žฅ์•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์›€์ง์ž„์—์„œ๋„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.
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11:42
The problem is, of course,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ๋ฌผ๋ก ,
11:44
that, as we begin to look at all that commonality,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์งธ์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
11:47
we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions.
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์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
Mind you, I want to maintain some divisions,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
anatomically, in our culture.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
11:55
For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:58
I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” 5์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
12:01
I don't want to say a five-year-old
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์„น์Šค๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
12:03
should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.
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12:05
So there are some anatomical divisions
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ 
12:07
that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:11
But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are
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12:13
and why do we retain them, and do they have meaning.
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ
์ž„์‹ ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
12:20
We have two beings, both conceived
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๋‘ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€, 1979๋…„๋„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—
12:22
in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ ์— ์ž„์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ธ, ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
3๋‹ฌ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜,
12:29
so she's born on June 1, 1980.
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1980๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”ฑ ๋งž์ถฐ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜,
12:32
Henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980.
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1980๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Simply by virtue of the fact
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3๋‹ฌ ๋จผ์ € ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
12:38
that Mary was born prematurely three months,
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ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 3๋‹ฌ ๋จผ์ €
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:41
she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does --
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โ€“ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ,
12:45
the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
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ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ.
12:49
Henry has to wait for all of that,
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ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
12:51
not because he's actually any different in age, biologically,
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ
12:54
except in terms of when he was born.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€“
13:00
Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male --
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13:02
although I haven't told you that he's the XY one --
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๋น„๋ก ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ XY์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ๋งํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ โ€“
๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
13:05
by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted,
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์„ ๋ฐœ ๋  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
which Mary does not need to worry about.
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:11
Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right
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ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์—์„œ
ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:15
that Henry has in all the states,
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
13:16
namely, the right to marry.
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ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:18
Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,
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13:20
but Mary can only marry today in a few states, a woman.
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
So we have these anatomical categories that persist,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ
13:27
that are in many ways problematic and questionable.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
13:31
And the question to me becomes:
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13:32
What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy,
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๊ณผํ•™์ด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„
๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:38
that we reach the point where we have to admit
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋’€๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
13:41
that a democracy that's been based on anatomy
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์ด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
13:44
might start falling apart?
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์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
๊ณผํ•™์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
13:47
I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time,
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ
13:49
it feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us.
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๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:53
So where do we go?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
13:55
It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude:
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์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
โ€œ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ,
13:59
"We have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere."
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์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์— ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
14:02
But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ‡ํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
14:05
So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man
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์–ด๋Š ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ฃผ๋Š”
๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
14:10
is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome,
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด Y์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ ,
14:12
and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด Y์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
In practice they don't test people for their chromosomes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ๊ฒŒ,
14:18
But this is also very bizarre,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
14:20
because of the story I told you at the beginning
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋‚ฉ๋“ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
about androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
14:24
If we look at one of the Founding Fathers of modern democracy,
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๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
14:27
Dr. Martin Luther King,
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14:28
he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech.
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๊ทธ์˜ โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ โ€œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ์•„๋‹Œ,
14:32
He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
14:35
but on the content of their character,"
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
moving beyond anatomy.
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14:38
And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€œ๋งž์•„์š”, ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.โ€
14:41
But in practice, how do you do it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:43
How do you judge people based on the content of character?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
14:47
I also want to point out
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14:48
that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์ €๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ,
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
14:52
because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌ์—…์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:55
that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know.
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๊ณจ๋“  ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ 40๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ,
14:59
I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know
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๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
15:02
that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions
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๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ ˆ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
15:08
So how do we operationalize the question of content of character?
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ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ์šด์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:12
It turns out to be really difficult.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
And part of me also wonders,
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์ € ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด,
15:16
what if content of character
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด
15:17
turns out to be something that's scannable in the future --
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š” โ€“
15:21
able to be seen with an fMRI?
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fMRI๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
15:24
Do we really want to go there?
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
I'm not sure where we go.
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15:27
What I do know is that it seems to be really important
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
์„ ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:30
to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
of thinking about this issue of democracy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ํ•ด์™”๊ณ ,
15:35
We've done a really good job struggling with democracy,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋„ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
and I think we would do a good job in the future.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
15:40
We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example,
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์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด
15:43
where a man who's sexually attracted to other men
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์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
15:45
is liable to be murdered,
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15:46
unless he's willing to submit to a sex change,
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์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ,
15:48
in which case he's allowed to live.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
15:51
We don't have that kind of situation.
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15:52
I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with --
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
๋ช‡๋…„์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ
15:56
a surgeon I talked to a few years ago
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์ƒด์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
15:58
who had brought over a set of conjoined twins
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16:00
in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์™€ ์ „ํ™”ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
16:03
But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he'll do this surgery --
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์™œ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ โ€“
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š” โ€“
16:07
this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„ ,
16:10
these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์•ˆ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋‹นํ• ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ, ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ โ€œ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋Œ€์‹ 
16:14
My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum
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์ •์น˜์  ๋ง๋ช…์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณธ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?โ€
16:17
instead of a separation surgery?"
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16:19
The United States has offered tremendous possibility
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๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
16:21
for allowing people to be the way they are,
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์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„๋ก
16:24
without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
So I think we have to be in the lead.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋‘๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:30
Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you
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16:32
that I've been talking a lot about the Fathers.
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๋งŽ์€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
์ €๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
16:35
And I want to think about the possibilities
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16:37
of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like,
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๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒจ์™”์„์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:40
if we had more involved the mothers.
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16:42
And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist,
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๋˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ์š”,
16:45
and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ ,
16:49
that can come from different kinds of anatomies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
16:51
particularly when we have people thinking in groups.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
For years, because I've been interested in intersex,
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๋ช‡๋…„๋™์•ˆ, ์ „ ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
I've also been interested in sex-difference research.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
16:59
And one of the things that I've been interested in
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ
17:01
is looking at the differences between males and females
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
in terms of the way they think and operate in the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:07
And what we know from cross-cultural studies
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17:09
is that females, on average --
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด โ€“
17:11
not everyone, but on average --
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๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€“
17:13
are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋” ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ 
๊ทธ๋ฃน ์•ˆ์—์„œ
์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
17:18
and to taking care of people
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17:19
who are, basically, vulnerable within the group.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
And so if we think about that,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋ก  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
we have an interesting situation in hands.
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๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
17:27
Years ago, when I was in graduate school,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฐ”์ด์ €๊ฐ€ โ€“
17:29
one of my graduate advisors who knew I was interested in feminism --
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์ „ ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
17:32
I considered myself a feminist, as I still do,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
17:34
asked a really strange question.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ โ€œํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?โ€
17:36
He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธธ โ€œ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.โ€
17:39
And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest question I've ever heard.
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โ€œํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์ • ๊ด€๋…๋“ค์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
17:42
Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender,
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ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
17:44
so there's nothing feminine about feminism."
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17:46
But the more I thought about his question,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก,
17:48
the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—” ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
17:52
That is to say, there might be something, on average,
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17:54
different about female brains from male brains
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด,
17:57
that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ,
์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ž๋“ค์„
18:02
and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable.
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๋” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
18:05
So whereas the Fathers were extremely attentive
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์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์—์„œ
18:08
to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state,
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ผ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ปจ์…‰์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ œ์ •์ž๋“ค์„
18:12
it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept,
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ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:15
what we would have is more of a concept of not just how to protect,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ์…‰ ๋˜ํ•œ
18:19
but how to care for each other.
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๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
And maybe that's where we need to go in the future,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ฉฐ,
18:24
when we take democracy beyond anatomy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ โ€“
18:26
is to think less about the individual body in terms of the identity,
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„,
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋…์ž์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
18:30
and think more about those relationships.
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
18:32
So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ์จ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
we're thinking about what we do for each other.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
Thank you.
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18:40
(Applause)
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(์ง์ง์ง)

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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