Alice Dreger: Is anatomy destiny?

アリス・ドレジャー： 性差は解剖学的宿命か？

翻訳: Takako Sato 校正: HIROKO ITO

I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979

二組のカップルが 1979年の中頃

on the exact same day, at the exact same moment,

まったく同じ日 同じ瞬間に

each conceiving a baby, OK?

赤ちゃんを授かったとします

So two couples each conceiving one baby.

二組共 赤ちゃんができたのです

Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception,

受胎した過程は あまり考えないでください

考えすぎるとうわの空になりますから

because if you do, you're not going to listen to me,

so just imagine that for a moment.

赤ちゃんができたとだけ 想像してください

And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case,

一組のカップルでは

Y染色体をもつ精子が

the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,

meeting that X chromosome of the egg.

卵子のX染色体と出会うとします

And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome,

もう1つのカップルでは X染色体をもつ精子が

meeting the X chromosome of the egg.

卵子のX染色体と出会います

Both are viable; both take off.

どちらも生存可能としましょう

We'll come back to these people later.

この話は また後ほど

So I wear two hats in most of what I do.

私は二つの事柄に携わっています

As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.

一つは解剖学の歴史です

I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case

専門は歴史なのでこの場合は

is the way that people have dealt with anatomy --

今までの人間や動物の 体の扱われ方を

meaning human bodies, animal bodies --

研究しています

how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies;

体液の扱い方や 体という概念

how have they thought about bodies.

体に対する考え方などです

The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist,

もう一つは 患者の代弁をする

as a patient advocate --

活動をしています

or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate --

でも 患者（patient）のための 私の活動は

for people who are patients of doctors.

時々短気（impatient）な代弁者に なってしまいます

In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types

私は今まで 通常でない体型をもつ方々のための

that challenge social norms.

仕事をしてきました

So some of what I've worked on, for example,

例えば

二人の体が結合している

is people who are conjoined twins --

two people within one body.

結合双生児

Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism --

それから 小人症の人たち

つまり 身長が通常より ずっと低い人たちです

so people who are much shorter than typical.

And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex --

多くの 非典型的な性の特徴 ―

so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types.

標準的な男性 もしくは 女性の体型をもたない人たちです

And as a general term, we can use the term "intersex" for this.

一般的に 半陰陽と呼ばれているもので

Intersex comes in a lot of different forms.

様々な状態があります

I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex

標準的な男性や 女性ではない例を

that isn't standard for male or female.

いくつかあげてみましょう

So in one instance,

例えば

you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis,

XY染色体をもつ人の

and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome

Y染色体上にあるSRY遺伝子は

tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life,

胎児のときに誰もが持っている 生殖腺原基が

to become testes.

精巣になる指示を出します

So in the fetal life, those testes are pumping out testosterone.

胎児の精巣からは テストステロンが分泌されますが

But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone,

この患者の場合 テストステロン受容体が欠けているため

the body doesn't react to the testosterone.

体がテストステロンに反応しません

And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome.

これはアンドロゲン不応症と呼ばれています

So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it.

テストステロンが高値でも 反応しません

As a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path.

その結果 体は女性のように 発達します

When the child is born, she looks like a girl.

出生時は女児のように見えるので

She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.

女の子として育てられます

And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts,

多くの場合 思春期になり 発育して 胸が大きくなっても

but she's not getting her period,

初潮がないために

that somebody figures out something's up here.

何かがおかしいと気づきます

And they do some tests and figure out

検査をすると

that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus,

卵巣や子宮の代わりに

she has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome.

精巣があって Y染色体を持っていることが分かります

Now what's important to understand

ここで重要なのは

is you may think of this person as really being male,

この人が 本当は 男性だと思うかもしれませんが

but they're really not.

そうではないのです

Females, like males,

女性も 男性と同様に

have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands.

副腎という器官が

They're in the back of our body.

体の後ろ側にあります

And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.

副腎はアンドロゲン つまり 男性化ホルモンを産生します

Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female --

私の体は標準的な女性だと思いますが

I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up,

自分の染色体構成を知りません

but I think I'm probably typical --

多分標準的とは思います

most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.

私を含めてほとんどの女性は アンドロゲン感受性があります

We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens.

アンドロゲンを産生し 反応するのです

The consequence is that somebody like me

私たちのような女性の脳は

has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens

精巣をもって生まれ アンドロゲン不応症の女性より

than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.

より多くのアンドロゲンに さらされることになります

So sex is really complicated --

性別とは非常に複雑なので

it's not just that intersex people

半陰陽の人たちは

are in the middle of all the sex spectrum --

性別の中間であると 位置付けることはできません

in some ways, they can be all over the place.

いろいろな位置にいる可能性があります

Another example:

他の事例です

数年前 19歳の男性から電話がありました

a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old,

who was born a boy, raised a boy,

男児として生まれ 育てられ

had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend,

彼女がいて その女の子と性交渉もあり

had a life as a guy,

男性として生きてきたのに

and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.

卵巣と子宮があることが わかったのです

What he had was an extreme form

先天性副腎過形成と呼ばれるもので

of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

その極端な症例でした

He had XX chromosomes,

彼はXX染色体をもち

and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear

子宮にいる間 彼の副腎はあまりに活発だったので

that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.

男性ホルモン環境を 作り上げてしまいました

And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinized,

脳は ホルモン中の より典型的な 男性化要素に影響されたため

his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones.

男性器が形成されたのです

And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.

出生時は男児に見え 誰も疑いはしませんでした

And it was only when he had reached the age of 19

それが19歳になったとき

that he began to have enough medical problems from menstruating internally,

医学的問題を抱え始めたのです 体内で月経がはじまり

that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female, internally.

内性器は女性だと 医師がつきとめました

OK, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex.

では 手短に 半陰陽の別の例をご紹介します

Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis,

XX染色体を持つ人に 卵精巣と呼ばれるものを持つ人がいます

which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it.

卵巣組織が精巣組織で 覆われているのです

And we're not exactly sure why that happens.

理由は完全にはわからないものの

So sex can come in lots of different varieties.

性の形は 多様なものになり得るのです

The reason that children with these kinds of bodies --

このような体を持つ子どもたちが

whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning,

小人症であっても 結合双生児であっても

or it's an intersex type --

半陰陽であっても

are often "normalized" by surgeons

しばしば 外科的な「修復」を行う理由は

is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health.

健康が向上するからでは ありません

In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.

彼らは 極めて健康であることが多いのです

The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries

様々な手術をする理由は

is because they threaten our social categories.

しばしば社会的分類を脅かすからです

Our system has been based typically on the idea

体の解剖学的特徴で アイデンティティが決まるという

that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.

概念に基づいているためです

So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman

女性であるには

女性の特性がなくてはならない

is to have a female identity;

what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, to have an African anatomy

黒人であるには 家系が

アフリカ人の解剖学的特徴を 持たなければならない

in terms of your history.

And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.

我々は ひどく単純な 概念を持っています

And when we're faced with a body

従って

that actually presents us something quite different,

きわめて違いの大きな体に遭遇すると

it startles us in terms of those categorizations.

分類ができなくなり 戸惑ってしまうのです

So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism.

アメリカは個人主義という

ロマンチックな 概念のもとに築かれています

And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.

You can imagine how startling then it is

体がひとつにつながった 二人の子どもが生まれた場合

when you have children who are born who are two people inside of one body.

どれだけ戸惑うか想像できるでしょう

Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently

最近の論争では 去年 南アフリカのランナー

was last year when South African runner, Caster Semenya,

キャスター・セメンヤが

had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.

世界陸上で性別を疑われました

I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me,

私はジャーナリストから 電話で質問されました

"Which is the test they're going to run

「キャスター・セメンヤの性別を 判定するのに

that will tell us whether or not Caster Semenya is male or female?"

どの検査を行いますか？」

And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.

そんな検査はないと答えました

In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough

性別とは複雑であるとわかっている今

that we have to admit:

自然界は男女の区別や

Nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female,

男 半陰陽 女の区別をしないことを

or between male and intersex and female and intersex;

認めなくてはいけません

we actually draw that line on nature.

線を引いているのは私たちです

So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes,

私たちには科学が進歩すればするほど

the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories

認めなくてはいけないものがあります

that we thought of as stable anatomical categories,

アイデンティティの分類として 位置づけられたものは

that mapped very simply to stable identity categories

体の構造を分類する 揺るぎないものだと思われていたのに

are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.

予想以上に曖昧だったのです

And it's not just in terms of sex.

性別だけではなく

It's also in terms of race,

人種に関しても

which turns out to be vastly more complicated

用語が意図する以上に

than our terminology has allowed.

ずっと複雑です

As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas.

やっかいな問題は多々あります

We look, for example, about the fact

例えば ヒトとチンパンジーは

that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees.

DNAの少なくとも95%が同じです

What are we to make of the fact

少ししか変わりがないという事実から

that we differ from them only, really, by a few nucleotides?

何を考えればいいのでしょうか

And as we get farther and farther with our science,

科学が より発達すればするほど

we get more and more into a discomforted zone,

より困惑する域へと近づき

where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had

単純な分類が あまりにも単純であることを

are probably overly simplistic.

認めなくてはいけなくなります

So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life.

これは

あらゆる場面で見られます

One of the places we're seeing it, for example,

例えば 我が国アメリカでは

in our culture, in the United States today,

命の始まりと終わりに関する 論争が起きています

is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life.

We have difficult conversations

胎児と人とは 別の人権を持つという観点から

about at what point we decide a body becomes a human,

どの時点で人が始まるのかを決める

such that it has a different right than a fetal life.

難しい対話がなされています

We have very difficult conversations nowadays --

また 人はいつ死亡するのかという問題も

probably not out in the open as much as within medicine --

医学界ほど広がりは見せていませんが

about the question of when somebody's dead.

難しい問題です

In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much

人がいつ死亡したのかという問題は

with this question of when somebody was dead.

昔はこれほどまで難しくはありませんでした

At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose,

鼻の下を羽根で触ったとき

and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet.

ぴくっと動けば 埋葬せず

If it stopped twitching, you bury them.

動きがなければ 埋葬したものですが

But today, we have a situation

今は 生命維持に必要な臓器を

where we want to take vital organs out of beings

取り出して 他者へと

and give them to other beings.

移植するようになりました

And as a consequence,

その結果

we have to struggle with this really difficult question

人の死にまつわる論争が

about who's dead,

繰り広げられるのです

and this leads us to a really difficult situation

これは 昔のような 単純な分類が通用しない

where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before.

非常に難しい状況を作り上げます

Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories

分類が崩壊することで 私のような人間が

would make somebody like me really happy.

喜ぶと思うかもしれません

I'm a political progressive, I defend people with unusual bodies,

私は非典型的な体を持つ人を 守ろうとする政治的進歩派ですが

but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous.

このようなことは 私を神経質にさせます

Understanding that these categories

このような分類が考えていた以上に

are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense.

ずっと不安定であることが分かると 緊張します

It makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy.

民主主義の立場から見て緊張します

So in order to tell you about that tension,

この緊張感について説明しましょう

I have to first admit to you a huge fan of the Founding Fathers.

私は アメリカ合衆国 建国の父たちの大ファンです

I know they were racists, I know they were sexist,

彼らは人種差別や性差別をしましたが

but they were great.

偉大な人たちでした

I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did,

彼らは とても勇敢で大胆 行動も革新的でした

that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years,

彼らが題材のミュージカル 「1776年」をよく見ます

and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable.

音楽が好きなのではありません

It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers.

建国の父たちがもたらした 1776年の出来事があるからです

The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view,

建国の父たちは 体に対する

the original anatomical activists,

最初の活動家だと思います

and this is why.

それが理由です

What they rejected was an anatomical concept

彼らは体の構造の概念を捨て

and replaced it with another one

その後200年にわたって続いた

that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years.

革新的なものに代えました

So as you all recall,

ご存知のとおり

what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy,

建国の父たちは 君主制を拒否しました

and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy.

君主制は非常に単純な 体の概念に基づいていました

The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA,

旧世界の君主たちに DNAの概念はありませんでしたが

but they did have a concept of birthright.

生得権の概念はもっていました

They had a concept of blue blood.

貴族の血統です

They had the idea that the people who would be in political power

彼らの考え方は

先祖から子孫へと 血統によって 政治の権力を

should be in political power because of the blood being passed down

from grandfather to father to son and so forth.

受け継ぐべき というものでした

The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,

建国の父たちは その概念を拒否し

and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept,

別の体の概念と取り代えたのです

and that concept was "all men are created equal."

それは 人間は皆 生まれつき平等だというものでした

They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered

彼らが定めたものは

重要なのは体の共通性であって 違いではないというものでした

was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy,

and that was a really radical thing to do.

それは非常に革新的でした

Now they were doing it in part

当時は啓蒙時代だったことも

because they were part of an Enlightenment system

影響していました

where two things were growing up together.

啓蒙時代には民主主義と

And that was democracy growing up,

科学の二つが

but it was also science growing up at the same time.

同時に発展していました

And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers,

建国の父たちを見ると明らかですが

a lot of them were very interested in science,

多くは科学に関心をもっており

and they were interested in the concept of a naturalistic world.

自然主義的な世界の概念に 関心を寄せていました

They were moving away from supernatural explanations,

彼らは超自然的解釈から遠のき

and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power,

超自然的な権力の概念を拒絶しました

where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright.

生得権という曖昧な概念のために 伝わっていた権力です

They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.

彼らは自然主義の概念に 移行していきました

And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence,

アメリカ独立宣言では 自然法と

they talk about nature and nature's God.

自然の神の法に触れています

They don't talk about God and God's nature.

神や神の自然ではありません

They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are.

我々が誰なのか 自然の力を使って説明しています

So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept

その中で 彼らは体の共通性に関する

that was about anatomical commonality.

概念をもたらしました

And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way

そうすることで見事に 後の公民権活動を

the Civil Rights Movement of the future.

確立していました

They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.

その意図はなくても 素晴らしいことに 結果的にそうなったのです

So what happened years afterwards?

その後 どうなったかと言うと

What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote,

選挙権を得ようとしていた女性たちは

took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality

建国の父たちが掲げた 体の共通性は違いよりも重要だという

being more important than anatomical difference

概念を用いて 言いました

and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries

「子宮や卵巣があるという差は

is not significant enough in terms of a difference

選挙権や公民権や不動産の獲得を

to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote,

妨げるには

十分な理由にはならない」

the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc."

And women successfully argued that.

女性たちの抗議は見事な成果を生みました

Next came the successful Civil Rights Movement,

次に公民権活動に成果が出ました

where we found people like Sojourner Truth

「私は女ではないのか？」 と語った

talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"

ソジャーナ・トゥルースなどが代表的です

We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights Movement

公民権活動のデモ行進では

saying, "I am a man."

「私は人間だ」と言った男性がいたり

Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy

体の違いではなく共通性を

訴えて 成果を出した 有色人種の人たちがいました

over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully.

We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.

同じことが障害者権利の活動にも見られます

The problem is, of course,

もちろん 問題があります

that, as we begin to look at all that commonality,

共通性に目を向け始めながら

we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions.

なぜ ある一定の区分を保つのか 問い始めなくてはいけません

Mind you, I want to maintain some divisions,

私たちの文化の中に 解剖学的に区別が必要なものも

anatomically, in our culture.

中にはあります

For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human.

例えば 魚には人間と同様の権利は 与えたくありません

I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.

解剖学的見地を捨て去れと 言っているのではありません

I don't want to say a five-year-old

５歳の子どもが性交渉や

should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.

結婚への同意を 許されるべきではないと思います

So there are some anatomical divisions

解剖学的な区別も

that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.

納得できるものは 維持すべきでしょう

But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are

でも それを選別し その理由と意味を

and why do we retain them, and do they have meaning.

割り出すことが難しいのです

So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk.

先ほどの 同時期に生命を得た

We have two beings, both conceived

二人の話に戻りましょう

in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.

1979年中頃の同じ日に 生命を得た二人がいます

Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely,

その一人のメアリーは 予定日より３か月早く

so she's born on June 1, 1980.

1980年３月１日に生まれました

Henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980.

もう一人のヘンリーは 1980年６月１日に生まれました

Simply by virtue of the fact

予定日よりも

that Mary was born prematurely three months,

３か月早く生まれたため

she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does --

メアリーは あらゆる権利を ヘンリーよりも３か月早く手に入れます

the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.

性交渉への同意 選挙や飲酒できる権利です

Henry has to wait for all of that,

ヘンリーは生物学的に

not because he's actually any different in age, biologically,

年齢は変わりありませんが 生まれた時期のために

except in terms of when he was born.

待たなくてはいけません

We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.

他にも権利に関する おかしなことがあります

Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male --

男であると推測されたヘンリーは

although I haven't told you that he's the XY one --

XY染色体を持っていますが

by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted,

男であると見なされるために 兵役に服することになります

which Mary does not need to worry about.

メアリーにはその心配は要りません

Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right

一方で メアリーは ヘンリーが すべての州で得られる

that Henry has in all the states,

結婚する権利が得られません

namely, the right to marry.

ヘンリーは どの州でも 女性と結婚できますが

Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,

メアリーは幾つかの州でしか

but Mary can only marry today in a few states, a woman.

女性と結婚できません

So we have these anatomical categories that persist,

このように 体の構造による分類が 持続していて

that are in many ways problematic and questionable.

さまざまな面で 問題を引き起こしています

And the question to me becomes:

問題は

What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy,

体を観察する上で 科学が発展する中

体に基づいた民主主義が

that we reach the point where we have to admit

崩れ始めるかもしれないと

that a democracy that's been based on anatomy

認めざるを得ないとき どうするのか という点です

might start falling apart?

I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time,

科学を手放しはしたくありませんが

it feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us.

科学が我々の統制の手から 離れていくような気がするのです

So where do we go?

さて どうしたらよいでしょうか

It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude:

我々の文化では 現実的な対応姿勢が見られるようです

"We have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere."

「どこかで線引きをしなくてはいけないから 線引きをしているのだ」 と

But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position.

でも おかしな状況に陥る人も多いのです

So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man

テキサスではあるとき 男と結婚する人は

Y染色体がないことを意味し

is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome,

and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.

女と結婚する人は Y染色体があることを意味すると決定づけました

In practice they don't test people for their chromosomes.

実際に染色体を 調べることはしませんが

But this is also very bizarre,

これも非常に変な話です

なぜなら最初にご紹介したように

because of the story I told you at the beginning

about androgen insensitivity syndrome.

アンドロゲン不応症などの例があるからです

If we look at one of the Founding Fathers of modern democracy,

近代民主主義の父の一人である

Dr. Martin Luther King,

マーティン・ルーサー・キングが

he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech.

スピーチの中で解決法を示しています

He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin,

皮膚の色で人を判断せずに

but on the content of their character,"

体という枠を超えて

moving beyond anatomy.

人格で判断するべきだ と

And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea."

良い考えだと言いたいですが

But in practice, how do you do it?

実際には どうやるのでしょうか

How do you judge people based on the content of character?

どのように 人格を基に 判断できるのでしょうか

I also want to point out

また それが人間の権利を

that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans,

与えるべき方法なのでしょうか

because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know

なぜなら ある人間よりも 社会福祉を受けるに値する犬を

that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know.

私は何匹か知っていると 認めざるを得ないからです

I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know

また 私が知っている ある40歳の人よりも

that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions

性交渉に関して知識があり 賢くて

about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know.

慎重な判断ができる犬が いるだろうと言いたいです

So how do we operationalize the question of content of character?

さあ どうやって人格の問題を 実行可能にできるでしょうか

It turns out to be really difficult.

これは非常に難しいことが分かりました

And part of me also wonders,

私は こう思う事があります

what if content of character

もしも将来に

turns out to be something that's scannable in the future --

人格の内容がスキャンできたり

able to be seen with an fMRI?

MRI計測できるとなったらどうでしょう

Do we really want to go there?

そんなことを望むでしょうか？

I'm not sure where we go.

私にはどうすればよいか分かりませんが

What I do know is that it seems to be really important

この民主主義の問題を考えるときに

to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead

アメリカが先導的立場にいることが

of thinking about this issue of democracy.

非常に重要だろうということは分かります

We've done a really good job struggling with democracy,

アメリカは民主主義の取り組みに成果をあげ

and I think we would do a good job in the future.

今後も貢献できると思います

We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example,

私たちにイランが抱える状況はありません

where a man who's sexually attracted to other men

そこでは同性愛者の男性は

殺害される危険性がありますが

is liable to be murdered,

unless he's willing to submit to a sex change,

性転換を受け入れれば

in which case he's allowed to live.

命は助かります

We don't have that kind of situation.

アメリカでは そのような状況はありません

I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with --

数年前に話をした外科医がいた状況が

a surgeon I talked to a few years ago

アメリカにはなくて嬉しく思います ―

who had brought over a set of conjoined twins

分離手術をするために 結合双生児を連れて来た外科医は

in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.

自分を売り込むことが目的でもありました

But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he'll do this surgery --

その医師と電話で話したときに

リスクの高い手術だったので なぜ 手術をするのか尋ねました

this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation,

these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this.

その国では その子どもが非常に辛い目に遭うので 手術をしなくてはいけない ということでした

My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum

切断手術の代わりに 政治亡命を

instead of a separation surgery?"

検討したことはあるかと尋ねました

The United States has offered tremendous possibility

人々がありのままでいられるように

for allowing people to be the way they are,

アメリカは多大な可能性を

without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state.

提供してきました

So I think we have to be in the lead.

我々が先頭に立たなくてはいけません

Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you

最後に 提案をしたいと思います

that I've been talking a lot about the Fathers.

建国の父たちの話題ばかりでしたが

And I want to think about the possibilities

母たちがもっと関与していたら

of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like,

民主主義はどのようなものだったのか

if we had more involved the mothers.

可能性を考えたいのです

And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist,

フェミニストのために 少し急進的なことを言うと

and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights

異なる体から生まれる

異なる洞察があるかもしれません

that can come from different kinds of anatomies,

particularly when we have people thinking in groups.

特にグループで考える場合です

For years, because I've been interested in intersex,

半陰陽に興味を持って 何年も経ちますが

I've also been interested in sex-difference research.

性別の違いの研究にも 興味があります

And one of the things that I've been interested in

興味あるものの一つに

is looking at the differences between males and females

考え方や 社会における行動のし方に

in terms of the way they think and operate in the world.

男女の違いがあります

And what we know from cross-cultural studies

異文化研究からわかっているのは

is that females, on average --

女性は皆ではありませんが

not everyone, but on average --

平均的に

複雑な社会関係に注意を払い

are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations

その中でも弱い立場の人たちの

and to taking care of people

who are, basically, vulnerable within the group.

面倒をみる傾向があります

And so if we think about that,

その点を考慮すると

we have an interesting situation in hands.

手中に興味深い状況があるのです

Years ago, when I was in graduate school,

何年も前 大学院にいた頃

one of my graduate advisors who knew I was interested in feminism --

私がフェミニズムに関心を寄せていることを 知っている指導教員が

― 私はその時も 今も 自分がフェミニストだと思っていますが

I considered myself a feminist, as I still do,

asked a really strange question.

妙な質問をしてきました

He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism."

「フェミニズムのどこが 女性的なのか 教えてくれないか」

And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest question I've ever heard.

馬鹿げた質問だと思いました

フェミニズムとは性別に関する固定観念を 打ち消していくことであり

Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender,

so there's nothing feminine about feminism."

女性的なものなど 一切ありません

But the more I thought about his question,

でも より考えていくうちに

the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism.

女性的な要素があるかもしれないと 思いました

平均して女性の脳が男性の脳と違う点が

That is to say, there might be something, on average,

different about female brains from male brains

あるかもしれません

that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships,

複雑な社会関係や

弱い立場にいる人たちに より多くの気を使う何かです

and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable.

So whereas the Fathers were extremely attentive

建国の父たちが 国から人々を守る方法を

to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state,

模索するのに 気を使ったことを見ると

it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept,

この概念により多くの女性を 送り込んでいれば

what we would have is more of a concept of not just how to protect,

人々を守る方法だけではなく

お互いにもっと 配慮深くなっていたかもしれません

but how to care for each other.

And maybe that's where we need to go in the future,

それが将来に必要なものかもしれません

when we take democracy beyond anatomy,

民主主義を 体を超えたものであると考えるとき

is to think less about the individual body in terms of the identity,

アイデンティティとしての 個人の体を重視することではなく

and think more about those relationships.

関係を重視するということです

So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union,

我々国民がより完璧な国を作れるように

we're thinking about what we do for each other.

お互いのために 何をするのか考えるのです

Thank you.

ありがとう

(Applause)

（拍手）