Alice Dreger: Is anatomy destiny?

125,039 views ใƒป 2011-06-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Kaiser ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I want you to imagine two couples in the middle of 1979
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ืช 1979
00:20
on the exact same day, at the exact same moment,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข,
00:23
each conceiving a baby, OK?
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ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื - ืื•ืงื™ื™.
ืื– ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“.
00:26
So two couples each conceiving one baby.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช,
00:28
Now I don't want you to spend too much time imagining the conception,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืชืงื“ื™ืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
00:31
because if you do, you're not going to listen to me,
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ืืชื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™.
00:34
so just imagine that for a moment.
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืจื’ืข.
00:36
And in this scenario, I want to imagine that, in one case,
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ื•ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื–ื”,
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“,
00:40
the sperm is carrying a Y chromosome,
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ื”ื–ืจืข ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y,
00:42
meeting that X chromosome of the egg.
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ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช.
00:44
And in the other case, the sperm is carrying an X chromosome,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™,
ื”ื–ืจืข ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X,
00:48
meeting the X chromosome of the egg.
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ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช.
00:50
Both are viable; both take off.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ; ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš.
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:53
We'll come back to these people later.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื
00:55
So I wear two hats in most of what I do.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช.
ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:59
As the one hat, I do history of anatomy.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
01:02
I'm a historian by training, and what I study in that case
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ืื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™,
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”
01:06
is the way that people have dealt with anatomy --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” -
01:08
meaning human bodies, animal bodies --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ -
01:11
how they dealt with bodily fluids, concepts of bodies;
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ;
01:14
how have they thought about bodies.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:16
The other hat that I've worn in my work is as an activist,
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ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™
ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
01:20
as a patient advocate --
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ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื (ื’ื: ืกื‘ืœื ื™) -
01:22
or, as I sometimes say, as an impatient advocate --
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ืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื, ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื-ืกื‘ืœื ื™ -
01:25
for people who are patients of doctors.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
01:27
In that case, what I've worked with is people who have body types
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื
ื”ื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืฃ
01:31
that challenge social norms.
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ืฉืžืชืื’ืจ ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
01:33
So some of what I've worked on, for example,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื, ืœืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
01:35
is people who are conjoined twins --
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:37
two people within one body.
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ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“.
01:39
Some of what I've worked on is people who have dwarfism --
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ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขืกืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ืžื“ื•ืช --
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
01:42
so people who are much shorter than typical.
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01:44
And a lot of what I've worked on is people who have atypical sex --
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™
ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” --
01:48
so people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
01:52
And as a general term, we can use the term "intersex" for this.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืœืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืœื›ืš.
01:56
Intersex comes in a lot of different forms.
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"ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช" ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:58
I'll just give you a few examples of the types of ways you can have sex
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ืŸ
02:02
that isn't standard for male or female.
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ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื”.
02:04
So in one instance,
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ื›ืš, ืฉื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช,
02:06
you can have somebody who has an XY chromosomal basis,
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ XY,
02:09
and that SRY gene on the Y chromosome
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ื•ืฉื”ื’ืŸ SRY ืฉื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y
02:12
tells the proto-gonads, which we all have in the fetal life,
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ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ (ื’ื•ื ืื“ื•ืช), ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ืŸ
ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™, ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืืฉื›ื™ื.
02:15
to become testes.
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02:16
So in the fetal life, those testes are pumping out testosterone.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ
ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื“ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื—ืกืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื
02:20
But because this individual lacks receptors to hear that testosterone,
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ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
02:25
the body doesn't react to the testosterone.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื™-ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ (AIS).
02:27
And this is a syndrome called androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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02:30
So lots of levels of testosterone, but no reaction to it.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืืš ืœืœื ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื” ืืœื™ื•.
02:33
As a consequence, the body develops more along the female typical path.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชืคืชื—
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืงื‘ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
02:37
When the child is born, she looks like a girl.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื”.
ื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื”. ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื”.
02:40
She is a girl, she is raised as a girl.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจืง ืขื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช --
02:43
And it's often not until she hits puberty and she's growing and developing breasts,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืฆืœื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื,
ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ,
02:47
but she's not getting her period,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
02:49
that somebody figures out something's up here.
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ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื
02:51
And they do some tests and figure out
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื,
02:53
that, instead of having ovaries inside and a uterus,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืฉื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y.
02:55
she has testes inside, and she has a Y chromosome.
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
02:58
Now what's important to understand
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ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื’ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™,
03:00
is you may think of this person as really being male,
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ืืš ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืืœื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
03:02
but they're really not.
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03:03
Females, like males,
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ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
03:05
have in our bodies something called the adrenal glands.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื”".
ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
03:08
They're in the back of our body.
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ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื,
03:10
And the adrenal glands make androgens, which are a masculinizing hormone.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžึตื–ึทื›ืจึตืจื™ื (ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื).
03:13
Most females like me -- I believe myself to be a typical female --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื™ -- ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืงื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช --
ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™
03:16
I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ --
03:18
but I think I'm probably typical --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ.
03:20
most females like me are actually androgen-sensitive.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื.
03:23
We're making androgen, and we're responding to androgens.
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03:25
The consequence is that somebody like me
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
03:27
has actually had a brain exposed to more androgens
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—ื”
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืขื ืืฉื›ื™ื
03:31
than the woman born with testes who has androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื™-ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ.
03:34
So sex is really complicated --
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš; ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื
03:35
it's not just that intersex people
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื ื™ --
03:37
are in the middle of all the sex spectrum --
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:39
in some ways, they can be all over the place.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช:
03:41
Another example:
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 19,
03:43
a few years ago I got a call from a man who was 19 years old,
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03:45
who was born a boy, raised a boy,
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื–ื›ืจ, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื™ืœื“,
03:47
had a girlfriend, had sex with his girlfriend,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื•,
03:50
had a life as a guy,
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ื—ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื—ื•ืจ
03:52
and had just found out that he had ovaries and a uterus inside.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
03:55
What he had was an extreme form
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
03:57
of a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื”ึดื™ืคึผึถืจึฐืคึผึฐืœึทื–ึฐื™ึธื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XX,
04:00
He had XX chromosomes,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื—ื,
04:02
and in the womb, his adrenal glands were in such high gear
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื” ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
04:05
that it created, essentially, a masculine hormonal environment.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:09
And as a consequence, his genitals were masculinized,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ืจ,
ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ
04:12
his brain was subject to the more typical masculine component of hormones.
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ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:15
And he was born looking like a boy -- nobody suspected anything.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืœื“ -- ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:18
And it was only when he had reached the age of 19
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 19
04:21
that he began to have enough medical problems from menstruating internally,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
ืฉื ื‘ืขื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
04:25
that doctors figured out that, in fact, he was female, internally.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”
04:29
OK, so just one more quick example of a way you can have intersex.
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ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™.
04:32
Some people who have XX chromosomes develop what are called ovotestis,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ XX
ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ovotestis,
04:36
which is when you have ovarian tissue with testicular tissue wrapped around it.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืงืžื” ืฉื—ืœืชื™ืช
ืืฉืจ ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉื›ื™ื.
04:40
And we're not exactly sure why that happens.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
04:42
So sex can come in lots of different varieties.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ื.
04:45
The reason that children with these kinds of bodies --
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืืœื” --
ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืžื“ื•ืช, ืื• ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:50
whether it's dwarfism, or it's conjoined twinning,
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช --
04:53
or it's an intersex type --
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04:54
are often "normalized" by surgeons
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื ื™ืจืžื•ืœ
04:56
is not because it actually leaves them better off in terms of physical health.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
05:00
In many cases, people are actually perfectly healthy.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:03
The reason they're often subject to various kinds of surgeries
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
05:06
is because they threaten our social categories.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:09
Our system has been based typically on the idea
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”
05:12
that a particular kind of anatomy comes with a particular identity.
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ืฉืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
05:15
So we have the concept that what it means to be a woman
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ืื– ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื”"
ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ "ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช";
05:18
is to have a female identity;
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื›ื”ื” ืขื•ืจ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
05:20
what it means to be a black person is, allegedly, to have an African anatomy
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช
05:24
in terms of your history.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
05:26
And so we have this terribly simplistic idea.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ
05:30
And when we're faced with a body
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05:31
that actually presents us something quite different,
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืš,
05:34
it startles us in terms of those categorizations.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:37
So we have a lot of very romantic ideas in our culture about individualism.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ืขืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื.
05:41
And our nation's really founded on a very romantic concept of individualism.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื.
ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
05:45
You can imagine how startling then it is
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05:47
when you have children who are born who are two people inside of one body.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“.
05:51
Where I ran into the most heat from this most recently
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
05:55
was last year when South African runner, Caster Semenya,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืขื ื”ืืฆื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืงืกื˜ืจ ืกืžื ื™ื”,
05:58
had her sex called into question at the International Games in Berlin.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”, ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืชืœื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™, ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™
06:02
I had a lot of journalists calling me, asking me,
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06:04
"Which is the test they're going to run
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"ืžื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš
06:06
that will tell us whether or not Caster Semenya is male or female?"
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ื”ืื
ืงืกื˜ืจ ืกืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจ ืื• ืื™ืฉื”?"
06:10
And I had to explain to the journalists there isn't such a test.
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ื•ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื›ื–ื•.
06:13
In fact, we now know that sex is complicated enough
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช
ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื“ื™ื•
06:17
that we have to admit:
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
06:19
Nature doesn't draw the line for us between male and female,
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ืชื•ื—ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื”,
06:22
or between male and intersex and female and intersex;
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ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื;
06:25
we actually draw that line on nature.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
06:28
So what we have is a sort of situation where the farther our science goes,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ื•,
ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ืš ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•
06:33
the more we have to admit to ourselves that these categories
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ืฉื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:36
that we thought of as stable anatomical categories,
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
06:38
that mapped very simply to stable identity categories
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ืฉืžื™ืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื ื”ื™ืจ
ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช
06:42
are a lot more fuzzy than we thought.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
06:44
And it's not just in terms of sex.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ.
06:46
It's also in terms of race,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข,
06:48
which turns out to be vastly more complicated
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ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
06:50
than our terminology has allowed.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื ื•.
06:52
As we look, we get into all sorts of uncomfortable areas.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืขื™ืžื™ื.
06:55
We look, for example, about the fact
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ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:57
that we share at least 95 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees.
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ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘-95% ืžื”-DNA ืฉืœื ื•
ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:02
What are we to make of the fact
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07:03
that we differ from them only, really, by a few nucleotides?
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ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืงืœืื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื?
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
07:07
And as we get farther and farther with our science,
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07:09
we get more and more into a discomforted zone,
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ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื ื—ืช
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
07:12
where we have to acknowledge that the simplistic categories we've had
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ืฉื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื•
07:15
are probably overly simplistic.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™.
07:17
So we're seeing this in all sorts of places in human life.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
07:21
One of the places we're seeing it, for example,
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ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:23
in our culture, in the United States today,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
07:25
is battles over the beginning of life and the end of life.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:28
We have difficult conversations
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื
07:30
about at what point we decide a body becomes a human,
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ,
07:33
such that it has a different right than a fetal life.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
07:36
We have very difficult conversations nowadays --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื --
07:38
probably not out in the open as much as within medicine --
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” --
07:41
about the question of when somebody's dead.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืžืช.
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš
07:44
In the past, our ancestors never had to struggle so much
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ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžืช.
07:46
with this question of when somebody was dead.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื“ื—ืคื• ื ื•ืฆื” ืชื—ืช ืœืืคื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
07:48
At most, they'd stick a feather on somebody's nose,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืคื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื.
07:51
and if it twitched, they didn't bury them yet.
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ืื ื”ืืฃ ืคืกืง ื‘ื›ืš, ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื.
07:53
If it stopped twitching, you bury them.
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ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘
07:55
But today, we have a situation
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07:56
where we want to take vital organs out of beings
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื
ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:59
and give them to other beings.
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08:00
And as a consequence,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
08:02
we have to struggle with this really difficult question
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ืื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
08:04
about who's dead,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืช.
08:06
and this leads us to a really difficult situation
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:08
where we don't have such simple categories as we've had before.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
08:11
Now you might think that all this breaking-down of categories
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
08:14
would make somebody like me really happy.
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ืชืฉืžื— ืžืื“ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื™.
08:16
I'm a political progressive, I defend people with unusual bodies,
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ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื™.
08:20
but I have to admit to you that it makes me nervous.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
08:22
Understanding that these categories
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื™.
08:24
are really much more unstable than we thought makes me tense.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื™
08:27
It makes me tense from the point of view of thinking about democracy.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
08:30
So in order to tell you about that tension,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื–ื”,
08:32
I have to first admit to you a huge fan of the Founding Fathers.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”.
08:35
I know they were racists, I know they were sexist,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืกื™ืกื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
ืืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
08:38
but they were great.
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08:39
I mean, they were so brave and so bold and so radical in what they did,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื
ื•ื›ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•
08:44
that I find myself watching that cheesy musical "1776" every few years,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืฃ "1776" ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช.
08:49
and it's not because of the music, which is totally forgettable.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘-1776
08:52
It's because of what happened in 1776 with the Founding Fathers.
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ืขื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื.
08:55
The Founding Fathers were, for my point of view,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•, ืœื“ื™ื“ื™,
ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
08:58
the original anatomical activists,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš:
09:00
and this is why.
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09:01
What they rejected was an anatomical concept
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื“ื—ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
09:05
and replaced it with another one
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09:06
that was radical and beautiful and held us for 200 years.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืžื“ 200 ืฉื ื”.
09:09
So as you all recall,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
09:11
what our Founding Fathers were rejecting was a concept of monarchy,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื—ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื”.
ื•ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื”
09:15
and the monarchy was basically based on a very simplistic concept of anatomy.
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ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
09:18
The monarchs of the old world didn't have a concept of DNA,
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ื”ืžื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ DNA,
09:22
but they did have a concept of birthright.
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ืืš ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช".
09:24
They had a concept of blue blood.
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
09:26
They had the idea that the people who would be in political power
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
09:29
should be in political power because of the blood being passed down
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ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื
09:32
from grandfather to father to son and so forth.
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ืžืกื‘ ืืœ ืื‘, ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
09:37
The Founding Fathers rejected that idea,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ,
09:39
and they replaced it with a new anatomical concept,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:42
and that concept was "all men are created equal."
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
09:45
They leveled that playing field and decided the anatomy that mattered
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื”
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”
09:49
was the commonality of anatomy, not the difference in anatomy,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
ื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
09:53
and that was a really radical thing to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
09:56
Now they were doing it in part
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ,
09:58
because they were part of an Enlightenment system
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
10:00
where two things were growing up together.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”.
10:02
And that was democracy growing up,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
10:04
but it was also science growing up at the same time.
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ืืš ื’ื ื”ืžื“ืข, ืืฉืจ ืฆืžื— ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช.
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื,
10:08
And it's really clear, if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื“ืข,
10:11
a lot of them were very interested in science,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’
10:13
and they were interested in the concept of a naturalistic world.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
10:16
They were moving away from supernatural explanations,
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื—ื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—,
10:19
and they were rejecting things like a supernatural concept of power,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ
10:22
where it transmitted because of a very vague concept of birthright.
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ืžื›ื•ืจื— ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช.
10:26
They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.
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ื”ื ื ืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
10:29
And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence,
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ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
10:32
they talk about nature and nature's God.
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10:34
They don't talk about God and God's nature.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ.
ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
10:37
They're talking about the power of nature to tell us who we are.
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•.
10:40
So as part of that, they were coming to us with a concept
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ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืš,
ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื”
10:44
that was about anatomical commonality.
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ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
10:46
And in doing so, they were really setting up in a beautiful way
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื›ืš, ื”ื ืกืœืœื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืงื•ื.
10:50
the Civil Rights Movement of the future.
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ื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืืš ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืื“ื™ืจ.
10:52
They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us, and it was great.
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ?
10:55
So what happened years afterwards?
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื, ืœืฉื ื“ื•ื’ืžื,
10:57
What happened was women, for example, who wanted the right to vote,
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ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
11:00
took the Founding Fathers' concept of anatomical commonality
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ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื
ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:04
being more important than anatomical difference
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ืžื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™
11:06
and said, "The fact that we have a uterus and ovaries
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื—ื ื•ืฉื—ืœื•ืช
11:08
is not significant enough in terms of a difference
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™
11:11
to mean that we shouldn't have the right to vote,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื”,
11:14
the right to full citizenship, the right to own property, etc."
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”".
11:17
And women successfully argued that.
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
11:19
Next came the successful Civil Rights Movement,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—,
11:22
where we found people like Sojourner Truth
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’'ืจื ืจ ืชืจื•ืช'
11:24
talking about, "Ain't I a woman?"
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ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ "ื”ืื ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื™ืฉื”?"
11:26
We find men on the marching lines of the Civil Rights Movement
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืขื“ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—
11:30
saying, "I am a man."
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื "ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื".
11:32
Again, people of color appealing to a commonality of anatomy
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”
ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
11:36
over a difference of anatomy, again, successfully.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:39
We see the same thing with the disability rights movement.
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11:42
The problem is, of course,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:44
that, as we begin to look at all that commonality,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื”
11:47
we have to begin to question why we maintain certain divisions.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
11:50
Mind you, I want to maintain some divisions,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืขืชื”, ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:53
anatomically, in our culture.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
11:55
For example, I don't want to give a fish the same rights as a human.
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ืœืชืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
11:58
I don't want to say we give up entirely on anatomy.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ
12:01
I don't want to say a five-year-old
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื.
12:03
should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marry.
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12:05
So there are some anatomical divisions
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
12:07
that make sense to me and that I think we should retain.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื™, ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ.
ืืš ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื™ ืืœื”
12:11
But the challenge is trying to figure out which ones they are
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12:13
and why do we retain them, and do they have meaning.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
12:16
So let's go back to those two beings conceived at the beginning of this talk.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”.
12:20
We have two beings, both conceived
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•
12:22
in the middle of 1979 on the exact same day.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ืช 1979, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:25
Let's imagine one of them, Mary, is born three months prematurely,
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ืžืจื™,
ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™,
12:29
so she's born on June 1, 1980.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, 1980.
ื”ื ืจื™, ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•,
12:32
Henry, by contrast, is born at term, so he's born on March 1, 1980.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘-1 ืœืžืจืฅ, 1980.
12:36
Simply by virtue of the fact
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:38
that Mary was born prematurely three months,
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ืฉืžืจื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืœืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:41
she comes into all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry does --
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืจื™ --
12:45
the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
12:49
Henry has to wait for all of that,
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ืขืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:51
not because he's actually any different in age, biologically,
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ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
12:54
except in terms of when he was born.
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ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“.
ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:57
We find other kinds of weirdness in terms of what their rights are.
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ื”ื ืจื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ --
13:00
Henry, by virtue of being assumed to be male --
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13:02
although I haven't told you that he's the XY one --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ XY --
ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ
13:05
by virtue of being assumed to be male is now liable to be drafted,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืฆื‘ืื™,
13:09
which Mary does not need to worry about.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžื ื•.
13:11
Mary, meanwhile, cannot in all the states have the same right
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ืžืจื™, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
13:15
that Henry has in all the states,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื.
13:16
namely, the right to marry.
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ื”ื ืจื™ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
13:18
Henry can marry, in every state, a woman,
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13:20
but Mary can only marry today in a few states, a woman.
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ืืš ืžืจื™ ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
13:24
So we have these anatomical categories that persist,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืจื•ืช
13:27
that are in many ways problematic and questionable.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืง.
ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืืฆืœื™ ื”ื™ื:
13:31
And the question to me becomes:
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13:32
What do we do, as our science gets to be so good in looking at anatomy,
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ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืงื“ื
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ืคืก ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
13:38
that we reach the point where we have to admit
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ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
13:41
that a democracy that's been based on anatomy
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ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” -
13:44
might start falling apart?
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช?
ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
13:47
I don't want to give up the science, but at the same time,
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ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
13:49
it feels sometimes like the science is coming out from under us.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื ื•.
ืื– ืœืืŸ ื ืคื ื”?
13:53
So where do we go?
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:55
It seems like what happens in our culture is a sort of pragmatic attitude:
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ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช:
"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
13:59
"We have to draw the line somewhere, so we will draw the line somewhere."
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•".
14:02
But a lot of people get stuck in a very strange position.
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ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ,
14:05
So for example, Texas has at one point decided that what it means to marry a man
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ื˜ืงืกืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืœืฉืืช ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœ"
14:10
is to mean that you don't have a Y chromosome,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y,
14:12
and what it means to marry a woman means you have a Y chromosome.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืœืฉืืช ืื™ืฉื”" ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y.
ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
14:15
In practice they don't test people for their chromosomes.
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ืืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:18
But this is also very bizarre,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”
14:20
because of the story I told you at the beginning
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ืขืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื™-ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื ื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ.
14:22
about androgen insensitivity syndrome.
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
14:24
If we look at one of the Founding Fathers of modern democracy,
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ื“"ืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืช'ืจ ืงื™ื ื’,
14:27
Dr. Martin Luther King,
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14:28
he offers us something of a solution in his "I have a dream" speech.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื".
ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื "ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื,
14:32
He says we should judge people "based not on the color of their skin,
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื",
14:35
but on the content of their character,"
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ื ืขื™ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
14:37
moving beyond anatomy.
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14:38
And I want to say, "Yeah, that sounds like a really good idea."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘".
14:41
But in practice, how do you do it?
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ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
14:43
How do you judge people based on the content of character?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื?
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ,
14:47
I also want to point out
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14:48
that I'm not sure that is how we should distribute rights in terms of humans,
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
ืฉื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืจ
14:52
because, I have to admit, that there are some golden retrievers I know
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ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
14:55
that are probably more deserving of social services than some humans I know.
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ืžื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืจื“ื•ืจ
14:59
I also want to say there are probably also some yellow Labradors that I know
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช, ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช
15:02
that are more capable of informed, intelligent, mature decisions
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ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ 40 ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
15:05
about sexual relations than some 40-year-olds that I know.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช
15:08
So how do we operationalize the question of content of character?
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช?
15:12
It turns out to be really difficult.
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ืžืกืชืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื“.
15:14
And part of me also wonders,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื”ื”,
15:16
what if content of character
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ืžื” ืื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
15:17
turns out to be something that's scannable in the future --
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ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื• --
15:21
able to be seen with an fMRI?
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืจื™ืงืช fMRI?
ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื?
15:24
Do we really want to go there?
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืืŸ ืื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื.
15:26
I'm not sure where we go.
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15:27
What I do know is that it seems to be really important
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”
15:30
to think about the idea of the United States being in the lead
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
15:33
of thinking about this issue of democracy.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
15:35
We've done a really good job struggling with democracy,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
15:38
and I think we would do a good job in the future.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
15:40
We don't have a situation that Iran has, for example,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
15:43
where a man who's sexually attracted to other men
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ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ืจืฆื—,
15:45
is liable to be murdered,
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15:46
unless he's willing to submit to a sex change,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
15:48
in which case he's allowed to live.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ื•.
15:51
We don't have that kind of situation.
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15:52
I'm glad to say we don't have the kind of situation with --
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ื” --
ืžื ืชื— ืฉืฉื•ื—ืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
15:56
a surgeon I talked to a few years ago
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ื’ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
15:58
who had brought over a set of conjoined twins
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16:00
in order to separate them, partly to make a name for himself.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื, ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
16:03
But when I was on the phone with him, asking why he'll do this surgery --
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— --
ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื“ --
16:07
this was a very high-risk surgery -- his answer was that, in this other nation,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉื‘ืื•ืžื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
16:10
these children were going to be treated very badly, and so he had to do this.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืก ืจืข ืžืื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืงืœืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืงืœื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™
16:14
My response to him was, "Well, have you considered political asylum
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืจื“ื”?"
16:17
instead of a separation surgery?"
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16:19
The United States has offered tremendous possibility
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ
16:21
for allowing people to be the way they are,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื,
16:24
without having them have to be changed for the sake of the state.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
16:27
So I think we have to be in the lead.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช.
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
16:30
Well, just to close, I want to suggest to you
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16:32
that I've been talking a lot about the Fathers.
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื.
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
16:35
And I want to think about the possibilities
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16:37
of what democracy might look like, or might have looked like,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงื˜ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช, ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช,
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช.
16:40
if we had more involved the mothers.
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16:42
And I want to say something a little bit radical for a feminist,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื˜ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
16:45
and that is that I think that there may be different kinds of insights
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื•
ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
16:49
that can come from different kinds of anatomies,
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
16:51
particularly when we have people thinking in groups.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
16:54
For years, because I've been interested in intersex,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื,
ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™.
16:57
I've also been interested in sex-difference research.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
16:59
And one of the things that I've been interested in
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
17:01
is looking at the differences between males and females
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:04
in terms of the way they think and operate in the world.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื
17:07
And what we know from cross-cultural studies
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17:09
is that females, on average --
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข --
17:11
not everyone, but on average --
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข --
17:13
are more inclined to be very attentive to complex social relations
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
17:18
and to taking care of people
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17:19
who are, basically, vulnerable within the group.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
17:22
And so if we think about that,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
17:25
we have an interesting situation in hands.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
17:27
Years ago, when I was in graduate school,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื --
17:29
one of my graduate advisors who knew I was interested in feminism --
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื --
17:32
I considered myself a feminist, as I still do,
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ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“.
17:34
asked a really strange question.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืืžืจื™ ืœื™ ืžื” ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื".
17:36
He said, "Tell me what's feminine about feminism."
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™.
17:39
And I thought, "Well, that's the dumbest question I've ever heard.
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ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ื ืกื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ,
17:42
Feminism is all about undoing stereotypes about gender,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื".
17:44
so there's nothing feminine about feminism."
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17:46
But the more I thought about his question,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื•,
17:48
the more I thought there might be something feminine about feminism.
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ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
17:52
That is to say, there might be something, on average,
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17:54
different about female brains from male brains
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™
17:57
that makes us more attentive to deeply complex social relationships,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
18:02
and more attentive to taking care of the vulnerable.
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ื•ืงืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืื’ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืคื’ื™ืข.
18:05
So whereas the Fathers were extremely attentive
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ื›ืš, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:08
to figuring out how to protect individuals from the state,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื”ื•ืช
18:12
it's possible that if we injected more mothers into this concept,
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
18:15
what we would have is more of a concept of not just how to protect,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
ืฉืœ - ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ,
18:19
but how to care for each other.
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ืืœื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
18:21
And maybe that's where we need to go in the future,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
18:24
when we take democracy beyond anatomy,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžึตืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” --
18:26
is to think less about the individual body in terms of the identity,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜,
ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช,
18:30
and think more about those relationships.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
18:32
So that as we the people try to create a more perfect union,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• - ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื”.
18:36
we're thinking about what we do for each other.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:39
Thank you.
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18:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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