What’s the smartest age? - Shannon Odell

1,511,482 views ・ 2022-10-18

TED-Ed


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:07
What is the smartest age?
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最聰明的年齡是幾歲?
00:09
Perhaps a day of friendly competition will lead us to the answer.
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也許一個友好競賽日 能帶我們找到答案。
00:14
Tomorrow’s the annual Brain Clash—
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明天是一年一度的《腦力碰撞》——
00:17
ten teams of two competing in a decathlon of mental challenges,
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十支隊伍,每隊兩人, 要參與十項智力挑戰賽、
00:21
trivia competitions, and puzzles.
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知識競賽,以及猜謎賽。
00:24
I’ve been training all year.
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我已經訓練了一整年。
00:25
I’ll need to pick the smartest, most capable teammate.
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我得找到最聰明、最有能力的隊友。
00:29
I’ve narrowed down the roster.
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我得把人選名單縮減。
00:31
First we have Gabriela.
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首先,有蓋布里艾拉。
00:33
She may only be 8, but don’t underestimate her!
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雖然她只有八歲,但別低估她!
00:36
She’s fluent in two languages and is the ultimate outside-the-box thinker.
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她精通兩種語言, 且是終極的打破常規思考者。
00:41
Then there’s Ama.
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還有阿瑪。
00:42
She can recite 100 digits of pi, designs satellites for a living,
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她能背出圓周率到小數點後 一百位數,職業是設計衛星,
00:46
and bakes a perfect soufflé.
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還能做出完美的蛋奶酥。
00:49
Or I could go with Mr. Taylor.
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或者我可以選泰勒先生。
00:51
He’s the best chess player in the neighborhood,
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他是這一帶最棒的棋手,
00:53
not to mention he’s competed in over 20 Brain Clashes
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此外,他還參加過超過 二十次《腦力碰撞》,
00:56
and is a five-time champion!
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還拿過五次冠軍。
00:59
I’m not sure who to pick! Who’s the smartest?
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我不知道選誰是好!誰是最聰明的?
01:05
Which of these teammates should Amir choose for tomorrow's contest and why?
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阿米爾應該要選上述哪一位 當明天比賽的隊友?為什麼?
01:09
Of course, it depends.
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當然,要看情況。
01:11
While intelligence is often associated with things like IQ tests,
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雖然智力通常會 和智商測驗拉上關係,
01:15
these assessments fail to capture the scope and depth
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這類測驗通常無法測出 受測者各項能力的範疇和深度,
01:18
of a person’s varied abilities.
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01:20
So instead, we’ll break down the idea of “smart” into categories
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所以,我們改把「聰明」 這個概念拆成數個類別,
01:25
like creativity, memory, and learning
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比如創意、記憶,以及學習,
01:27
and explore when the brain’s best at each of them.
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再來探討大腦何時 在這幾類有最好的表現。
01:30
Let's start at the very beginning.
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咱們從頭開始。
01:32
In the first few years of life,
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在人生的前幾年,
01:33
your brain undergoes incredible rapid growth, called synaptogenesis,
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你的大腦成長速度非常快, 這種成長叫做突觸形成,
01:37
where more than 1 million new neural connections are formed every second.
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每秒鐘會有超過一百萬個 新神經連結形成。
01:42
As the brain develops, it goes through a pruning process.
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隨著大腦發展, 會經過一個修剪過程。
01:45
Based on your experience and environment,
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根據你的經歷和環境,
01:47
used connections are strengthened and unused connections are removed.
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有用的連結會被強化,
沒用的連結會被除去。
01:53
Frequently used neuronal pathways are myelinated,
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常用的神經通路會有髓鞘,
01:56
wrapped in a layer of insulation, allowing information to travel faster.
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包覆在一層絕緣體中,
讓資訊傳遞的速度能更快。
02:01
This creates a more efficient, fine-tuned brain.
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這就會創造出更有效率、 更精密的大腦。
02:04
But this brain remodeling happens within and between brain regions
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但這種大腦重新建模會在不同時期 發生在大腦區域中間,
02:08
at different times,
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02:09
allowing different skills to flourish at different ages.
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讓不同的技能在不同年齡發揮出來。
02:13
For example, in childhood, brain regions involved in language learning
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比如,在童年,
大腦中和語言學習 相關的區域會快速發展,
02:17
develop quickly,
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02:18
which is why many children can learn and master multiple languages.
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這就是為什麼許多孩子可以 學習和精通多種語言。
02:22
Yet the prefrontal cortex,
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但,大腦中負責認知控制 和抑制的前額葉皮質區
02:23
a brain region responsible for cognitive control and inhibition,
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02:27
is slower to develop.
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發展就比較慢。
02:29
As a result, some young children may struggle with strategic games,
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因此,有些小孩在策略遊戲 如下棋時就會面臨困難,
02:32
such as chess or checkers,
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02:34
which require constant concentration, planning, and abstract thought.
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這類遊戲需要能夠持續專注、 做規劃,和抽象思考。
02:38
At the same time, children tend to be more flexible, exploration-based learners.
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同時,孩童通常是較有彈性、 以探索為基礎的學習者。
02:43
They often use more creative approaches when finding solutions to riddles
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他們通常會用比較 有創意的方式來解決謎題,
02:47
and are, on average, less afraid to make mistakes.
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且,一般來說,比較不怕犯錯。
02:51
But adults have their own unique set of abilities.
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但成人有不同的技能組。
02:54
Adults benefit from a well-developed prefrontal cortex,
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成人的優勢在於前額葉皮質 已經發展得很好,
02:58
allowing them to better execute skills that require learning, focus, and memory,
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讓他們能把需要學習、專心, 和記憶的技能運用得更好,
03:02
making them quick and efficient puzzle solvers or crossword masters.
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他們會是快速、有效的謎題 破解者或填字遊戲大師。
03:06
Late in adulthood, these same skills may decline
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在成人期的後段, 這些技能可能會變差,
03:09
as the brain’s memory center, known as the hippocampus, shrinks.
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因為大腦的記憶中心海馬迴會萎縮。
03:13
But there’s a reason for the phrase “older and wiser.”
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但「老而益精」這句話 背後是有道理的。
03:16
After a lifetime of learning,
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經過了一輩子的學習,
03:18
older adults have more knowledge to recall and utilize,
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較年長的成人有更多知識 可以回想及運用,
03:22
making them excellent trivia partners.
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因此他們會是很出色的 知識競賽夥伴。
03:24
Other factors that Amir should consider are his own strengths.
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阿米爾應該要考量的因素 還有他自己的長處。
03:28
As an adolescent, the prefrontal cortical regions of your brain are more developed
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青少年的前額葉皮質區 發展得比童年更成熟。
03:32
than in childhood.
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03:33
This allows you to better navigate logic and math puzzles.
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這會讓你更擅長處理 邏輯和數學題目。
03:37
Simultaneously, deep inside the brain,
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同時,大腦深處,
03:40
regions that are important in motivation and reward are developing even faster,
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和動機及獎勵息息相關的 區域發展得更快速,
03:44
driving teenagers like Amir to be curious and adventurous learners.
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讓像阿米爾這樣的青少年變成 好奇且愛冒險的學習者。
03:49
In many ways, you can think of the teenager as a jack-of-all-trades,
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在許多方面,可把青少年 視為博而不精的人,
03:53
with brains wired to seek out new experiences and learn quickly.
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他們的大腦本質就會讓他們 去尋找新體驗和快速學習。
03:57
You’re at a dynamic stage,
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你處在活力滿滿的階段,
03:59
where the choices you make and the skills you focus on
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此時,你所做的選擇和你著重的技能
04:03
can actually guide the development of your brain.
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真的能夠引導你大腦的發展方向。
04:06
So, what’s the smartest age?
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所以,最聰明的年齡是幾歲?
04:09
There’s no single answer.
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沒有單一個答案。
04:11
It’s 8, 16, 25, 65, and everything in between;
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是八歲、十六歲、二十五歲、 六十五歲,及之間的任何歲數。
04:16
our brains have adapted to prioritize different skills at various ages
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我們的大腦已經演化成 在不同的年齡重視不同的技能,
04:20
to meet that stage of life’s challenges and demands.
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讓我們能面對那個階段的 人生挑戰和需求。
04:24
So no matter who Amir picks, having an age-diverse team is a good strategy.
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所以,不論阿米爾選誰,組成 年齡多樣化的團隊都是好策略。
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