Why is this 2,500 year old shipwreck so well-preserved? - Helen Farr and Jon Adams

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2021-10-21 ・ TED-Ed


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Why is this 2,500 year old shipwreck so well-preserved? - Helen Farr and Jon Adams

441,551 views ・ 2021-10-21

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milica Mirković Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:07
It's midnight on September 16th, 2017,
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Ponoć je 16. septembra 2017. godine,
00:11
60 kilometers off the Bulgarian coast
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na 60 kilometara od bugarske obale
00:14
and 2 kilometers beneath the Black Sea’s surface.
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i dva kilometra ispod površine Crnog mora.
00:16
A remotely operated vehicle surveys the seabed,
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Daljinski navođeno plovilo pretražuje morsko dno
00:19
transmitting video to researchers above as it goes.
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i dok se kreće, šalje video signal istraživačima na površini.
00:23
Suddenly, it discerns another ghostly vessel in the gloom.
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Odjednom, nalik utvari u tami, nazire se drugo plovilo.
00:26
But this is a relic from another age.
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Samo, ovo je ostatak iz nekog drugog doba.
00:29
It's an undoubtedly ancient shipwreck,
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Nema sumnje da se radi o drevnoj olupini,
00:31
but its mast, rowing benches, and some of its upper deck remain eerily intact.
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ali su joj jarbol, veslačke klupe i deo gornje palube sablasno netaknuti.
00:37
It might be an ancient Roman ship, but its appearance doesn’t quite match.
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Možda se radi o starorimskom brodu, mada se izgled baš i ne uklapa.
00:41
Notably, its splayed rudder blade more closely resembles
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Pre svega, široki list kormila mnogo više podseća
00:45
those depicted on an even older Greek vase.
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na ona oslikana na znatno starijoj grčkoj vazi.
00:49
To get a definitive answer, the research team takes three samples from the wreck
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Kako bi pronašli odgovor, istraživači su uzeli tri uzorka sa olupine
00:53
and radiocarbon dating confirms its ancient origins.
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a radiometrijskim datiranjem je potvrđeno njeno drevno poreklo.
00:57
The ship is dated to between 350 and 410 BCE.
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Brod datira iz perioda između 350. i 410. godine pre nove ere.
01:02
It is, in fact, the oldest intact shipwreck ever found.
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To je svakako najstarija netaknuta olupina koju smo ikad pronašli.
01:06
This ancient Greek vessel traversed the Black Sea’s coasts
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Ovaj drevni grčki brod je plovio od obale do obale Crnog mora
01:09
during the time of Aristotle and has since rested in its depths,
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još u vreme Aristotela i od tada počiva u dubinama,
01:13
unseen and undisturbed, for almost 2,500 years.
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gde ga, netaknutog, niko nije video skoro 2 500 godina.
01:17
This was just one of 65 shipwrecks a research team discovered
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Ovo je samo jedna od 65 olupina koje je istraživački tim otkrio
01:21
at the bottom of the Black Sea between 2015 and 2017.
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na dnu Crnog mora između 2015. i 2017. godine.
01:25
Others date from the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires.
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Ostale olupine datiraju iz doba rimskog, vizantijskog i otomanskog carstva
01:28
And despite the centuries, they’ve all survived in remarkable condition.
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Uprkos vekovima, svaki od njih je očuvan u neverovatno dobrom stanju.
01:32
So, why does the Black Sea contain so many well-preserved shipwrecks?
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Pa, zašto se u Crnom moru nalazi toliko dobro očuvanih olupina?
01:37
In prehistoric times,
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U praistoriji,
01:38
the land surrounding the Black Sea hosted early human settlements.
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kopno koje je okruživalo Crno more je bilo kolevka ranih ljudskih naseobina.
01:42
Eventually, it became a hub for trade, battle, and empire-building
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Kasnije je postalo središte trgovine, ratova i stvaranja carstava
01:46
because of its strategic position
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zahvaljujući svom strateškom položaju
01:48
between eastern and western Eurasian civilizations.
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između istočnih i zapadnih evroazijskih civilizacija.
01:52
For thousands of years, it was traversed by merchants, pirates, and warriors.
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Hiljadama godina, tuda su putovali trgovci, gusari i ratnici.
01:56
And with sustained seafaring activity came inevitable losses.
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A sa neprekidnom moreplovačkom aktivnošću došli su i neizbežni gubici.
02:01
But unlike other bodies of water in the region,
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Za razliku od drugih vodenih površina na tom području,
02:03
the Black Sea is a particularly deep, semi-enclosed basin.
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Crno more ima naročito dubok, poluzatvoren basen.
02:08
Seasonal changes usually cause the layers within a contained body of water
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Smena godišnjih doba obično dovodi do mešanja slojeva vode u vodenoj masi,
02:12
to mix together, oxygenating the water.
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a kada se slojevi pomešaju, to donosi kiseonik u vodu.
02:15
But because the Black Sea is fed with fresh water from European rivers,
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Ali pošto u Crno more utiče slatka voda iz evropskih reka
02:19
and saltwater from the Mediterranean Sea, it contains two distinct layers.
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i slana voda iz Mediteranskog mora, ono ima dva odvojena sloja.
02:24
The denser saltwater flows beneath the freshwater,
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Gušća slana voda teče ispod slatke vode,
02:27
where it remains permanently,
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gde ostaje trajno,
02:29
making the Black Sea the world’s largest meromictic— or un-mixing— basin.
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čineći Crno more — koje se ne meša — najvećim meromiktičnim basenom na svetu.
02:34
Oxygen doesn’t reach its lower, saltier zone,
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Kiseonik ne dopire do njegovog nižeg, slanijeg dela
02:37
which creates the ideal environment for preservation,
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što stvara idealno okruženje za očuvanje
02:41
and is why the Black Sea has been called “the world’s biggest pickle jar.”
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pa se zato Crno more naziva i „najvećom teglom za kiseljenje.“
02:45
In other bodies of water, marine organisms decompose materials over time.
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U drugim vodenim masama, kako teče vreme, morski organizmi razlažu materijale.
02:50
Had the ancient Greek ship sunk in the Mediterranean, for example,
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Da je ovaj drevni grčki brod potonuo, recimo, u Mediteranskom moru,
02:54
there would likely be no organic material left today.
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danas verovatno ne bi ostalo nimalo organskog materijala.
02:57
But in the depths of the Black Sea,
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Ali u dubinama Crnog mora,
02:59
only anaerobic bacteria— those that don’t require oxygen— can survive.
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mogu da prežive samo anaerobne bakterije, kojima za život nije potreban kiseonik.
03:04
This is why ancient ships can still be found carrying their original cargo,
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Zbog toga je moguće pronaći drevne brodove koji još uvek nose svoj tovar netaknut,
03:08
with carvings in their wood, and their rigging still assembled.
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sa duborezom u drvetu i još uvek zapetom užadi.
03:12
Among the recent findings was a medieval Italian merchant ship,
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Među nedavnim otkrićima je i srednjevekovni italijanski trgovački brod
03:16
likely from around the time Italy had a virtual monopoly over Black Sea trade.
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verovatno iz perioda kada je Italija imala monopol nad trgovinom u Crnom moru.
03:21
Venetian traveler Marco Polo would’ve probably been familiar
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Venecijanski putopisac, Marko Polo bi verovatno prepoznao
03:25
with this kind of ship.
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ovu vrstu broda.
03:27
Although vessels like this one helped to modernize Europe,
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Iako su ovakva plovila omogućila napredak Evrope,
03:30
contemporary scholars had never before seen such a complete example.
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savremeni naučnici nisu nikada pre videli tako očuvan primerak.
03:34
And it was largely intact—
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A bio je skoro netaknut —
03:36
a ship’s boat still lying on its deck,
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brodski čamac i dalje položen na palubi,
03:38
even though some seven centuries had passed.
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iako je proteklo oko sedam vekova.
03:41
Many of the 65 ships that were recently uncovered
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Mnogi od 65 nedavno otkrivenih brodova
03:44
have retained their original forms.
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su zadržali prvobitne oblike.
03:47
But while there are far fewer degradative forces at play in the Black Sea’s depths,
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Iako postoji znatno manje razlaganja u dubinama Crnog mora,
03:51
anaerobic bacteria do gradually weaken organic materials.
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anaerobne bakterije postepeno slabe organske materijale.
03:55
When researchers lifted a plank from the ancient Greek wreck for dating,
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Kada su istraživači, radi datiranja, podigli dasku sa drevnog broda
03:59
it broke under its own weight.
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polomila se pod sopstvenom težinom.
04:01
While the ships are exceptionally well-preserved, they're also fragile.
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Iako su brodovi izvanredno očuvani, oni su i jako krhki.
04:05
This makes it impossible to bring them to the surface intact.
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Zbog toga ih je nemoguće izneti na površinu netaknute.
04:09
Scientists may carefully remove and study select objects from the wreckages.
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Naučnici mogu pojedine predmete sa olupine pažljivo vaditi i proučavati.
04:13
But the sunken ships will remain protected where they are,
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Ali će ptopljeni brodovi ostati zaštićeni tu gde jesu,
04:17
perhaps among thousands of others—
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možda među hiljadama drugih —
04:19
deep beneath us, suspended in time, at the bottom of the Black Sea.
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u dubinama, zamrznuti u vremenu, na dnu Crnog mora.
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