The meaning of life according to Simone de Beauvoir - Iseult Gillespie

1,602,527 views ・ 2020-03-10

TED-Ed


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Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
At the age of 21, Simone de Beauvoir became the youngest person
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Sa 21 godinu, Simon de Bovoar je postala najmlađa osoba
00:10
to take the philosophy exams at France’s most esteemed university.
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koja je polagala ispite iz filozofije na najprestižnijem francuskom univerzitetu.
00:15
She passed with flying colors.
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Položila ih je sa besprekornim uspehom.
00:17
But as soon as she mastered the rules of philosophy,
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Međutim, čim je savladala filozofska pravila,
00:19
she wanted to break them.
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želela je da ih prekrši.
00:21
She’d been schooled on Plato’s Theory of Forms,
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Njeno obrazovanje je bilo zasnovano na Platonovoj teoriij ideja,
00:24
which dismissed the physical world as a flawed reflection
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koja je odbacivala fizički svet kao manjkavi odraz
00:27
of higher truths and unchanging ideals.
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većih istina i nepromenjivih ideala.
00:30
But for de Beauvoir, earthly life was enthralling, sensual,
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Međutim, za de Bovoar ovozemaljski svet je bio očaravajući, senzualan
00:34
and anything but static.
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i sve samo ne statičan.
00:36
Her desire to explore the physical world to its fullest would shape her life,
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Njena žudnja za potpunim istraživanjem fizičkog sveta će da oblikuje njen život,
00:40
and eventually, inspire a radical new philosophy.
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i naposletku će da inspiriše radikalno novu filozofiju.
00:44
Endlessly debating with her romantic and intellectual partner Jean Paul Sartre,
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Vodeći beskrajne debate
sa svojim ljubavnim i intelektualnim partnerom Žanom Polom Sartrom,
00:49
de Beauvoir explored free will, desire, rights and responsibilities,
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de Bovoar je istraživala slobodnu volju, čežnju, prava i obaveze,
00:53
and the value of personal experience.
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kao i vrednost ličnog iskustva.
00:56
In the years following WWII,
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U godinama nakon Drugog svetskog rata,
00:58
these ideas would converge into the school of thought
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ove ideje će da prerastu u školu razmišljanja
01:00
most closely associated with their work: existentialism.
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koja je najtešnje povezana s njihovim delom: egzistencijalizam.
01:05
Where Judeo-Christian traditions taught that
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Dok su judeohrišćanske tradicije smatrale
01:07
humans are born with preordained purpose,
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da su ljudi rođeni sa predodređenom svrhom,
01:10
de Beauvoir and Sartre proposed a revolutionary alternative.
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de Bovoar i Sartr su predložili revolucionarnu alternativu.
01:14
They argued that humans are born free,
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Tvrdili su da se ljudi rađaju slobodni,
01:16
and thrown into existence without a divine plan.
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a da su bačeni u postojanje bez božanskog plana.
01:19
As de Beauvoir acknowledged, this freedom is both a blessing and a burden.
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Kako je de Bovoar uvidela, ova sloboda je istovremeno blagoslov i teret.
01:24
In "The Ethics of Ambiguity" she argued that our greatest ethical imperative
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U „Etici dvosmislenosti” je tvrdila da je naš najveći moralni imperativ
01:28
is to create our own life’s meaning,
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da stvorimo sopstveni smisao života,
01:31
while protecting the freedom of others to do the same.
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štiteći slobodu drugih da urade isto.
01:34
As de Beauvoir wrote,
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Kako je de Bovoar pisala:
01:36
“A freedom which is interested only in denying freedom must be denied.”
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„Sloboda koju jedino interesuje uskraćivanje slobode mora biti uskraćena.”
01:41
This philosophy challenged its students to navigate the ambiguities and conflicts
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Ova filozofija je izazivala izučavaoce da se kreću kroz dvosmislenosti i konflikte
01:45
our desires produce, both internally and externally.
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koje proizvode naše žudnje, kako unutrašnje tako i spoljašnje.
01:49
And as de Beauvoir sought to find her own purpose,
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I dok je de Bovoar tragala za sopstvenom svrhom,
01:52
she began to question:
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počela je da se pita:
01:54
if everyone deserves to freely pursue meaning,
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ako svako zaslužuje da slobodno traga za smislom,
01:56
why was she restricted by society’s ideals of womanhood?
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zašto je ona kao žena ograničena društvenim idealima ženstvenosti?
02:01
Despite her prolific writing, teaching and activism,
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Uprkos plodnom spisateljstvu, podučavanju i aktivizmu,
02:04
de Beauvoir struggled to be taken seriously by her male peers.
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de Bovoar se mučila da je ozbiljno shvate njene muške kolege.
02:08
She’d rejected her Catholic upbringing and marital expectations
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Odbacila je katolički odgoj i bračna očekivanja
02:11
to study at university, and write memoirs, fiction and philosophy.
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kako bi studirala na univerzitetu, pisala memoare, književnost i filozofiju.
02:16
But the risks she was taking by embracing this lifestyle
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Međutim, rizici koje je preuzela prigrlivši ovaj način života
02:18
were lost on many of her male counterparts,
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prošli su neprimećeno kod njenih muških kolega,
02:21
who took these freedoms for granted.
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koji su ove slobode shvatali olako.
02:23
They had no intellectual interest in de Beauvoir’s work,
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Nisu bili intelektualno zainteresovani za de Bovoarino delo,
02:26
which explored women’s inner lives,
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koje je istraživalo unutrašnje živote žena,
02:28
as well the author’s open relationship and bisexuality.
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kao i spisateljičinu otvorenu vezu i biseksualnost.
02:32
To convey the importance of her perspective,
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Kako bi prenela važnost svoje perspektive,
02:35
de Beauvoir embarked on her most challenging book yet.
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de Bovoar se bacila na pisanje njene do tad najzahtevnije knjige.
02:38
Just as she’d created the foundations of existentialism,
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Baš kao što je postavila temelje egzistencijalizma,
02:41
she’d now redefine the limits of gender.
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ovaj put je nanovo definisala granice roda.
02:45
Published in 1949, "The Second Sex" argues that, like our life’s meaning,
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Objavljen 1949. godine, „Drugi pol” tvrdi da, kao ni naš smisao života,
02:50
gender is not predestined.
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ni rod nije predodređen.
02:52
As de Beauvoir famously wrote,
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Čuvena je de Bovoarina zabeleška:
02:54
“one is not born, but rather becomes, woman.”
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„žena se ne rađa, ženom se postaje.”
02:58
And to “become” a woman, she argued, was to become the Other.
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A da biste „postali” žena, tvrdila je, značilo je postati Drugi.
03:02
De Beauvoir defined Othering as the process of labeling women
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De Bovoar je definisala Drugog kao proces etiketiranja žena
03:06
as less than the men who’d historically defined, and been defined as,
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kao nižerazrednih muškaraca koji su istorijiski sami sebe definisali
03:10
the ideal human subjects.
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kao idealne ljudske subjekte.
03:13
As the Other, she argued that women were considered second to men,
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Kao Drugi, tvrdila je da su žene smatrane drugim nakon muškaraca
03:17
and therefore systematically restricted from pursuing freedom.
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i samim tim su sistematski ograničene od traganja za slobodom.
03:21
"The Second Sex" became an essential feminist treatise,
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„Drugi pol” je postao suštinska feministička rasprava,
03:24
offering a detailed history of women’s oppression
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koja je pružila detaljnu istoriju ženske potlačenosti
03:27
and a wealth of anecdotal testimony.
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i obilje anegdotskog svedočenja.
03:29
"The Second Sex"’s combination of personal experience
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„Drugi pol”, kao spoj ličnog iskustva i filozofskog posredovanja,
03:33
and philosophical intervention
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03:34
provided a new language to discuss feminist theory.
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ponudio je novi jezik za rasprave o teoriji feminizma.
03:38
Today, those conversations are still informed by de Beauvoir’s insistence
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Danas su ovi razgovori i dalje zasnovani na de Bovoarinom insistiranju
03:42
that in the pursuit of equality,
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da u borbi za jednakost:
03:44
“there is no divorce between philosophy and life.”
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„nema razgraničavanja između filozofije i života.”
03:48
Of course, like any foundational work,
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Naravno, kao i kod svih ključnih dela,
03:51
the ideas in "The Second Sex" have been expanded upon since its publication.
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ideje u „Drugom polu” su proširene od njegovog objavljivanja.
03:55
Many modern thinkers have explored additional ways people are Othered
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Mnogi savremeni mislioci su istraživali dodatne načine na koje ljudi postaju drugi
03:58
that de Beauvoir doesn’t acknowledge.
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koje de Bovoar nije prepoznala.
04:00
These include racial and economic identities,
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Oni uključuju rasne i ekonomske identitete,
04:03
as well as the broader spectrum of gender and sexual identities we understand today.
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kao i širi spektar rodnih i seksualnih identiteta koje danas razumemo.
04:09
De Beauvoir’s legacy is further complicated
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De Bovoarina zaostavština je dodatno usložena
04:11
by accusations of sexual misconduct by two of her university students.
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optužbama za seksualno uznemiravanje od strane njeno dvoje studenata.
04:16
In the face of these accusations,
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Zbog ovih optužbi
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she had her teaching license revoked for abusing her position.
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ukinuta joj je dozvola za predavanje zbog zloupotrebe položaja.
04:21
In this aspect and others, de Beauvoir’s life remains controversial—
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U ovom i drugom svetlu, de Bovoarin život ostaje kontroverza -
04:26
and her work represents a contentious moment in the emergence of early feminism.
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a njeno delo predstavlja sporni trenutak nastanka ranog feminizma.
04:31
She participated in those conversations for the rest of her life;
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Učestvovala je u tim raspravama do kraja svog života;
04:34
writing fiction, philosophy, and memoirs until her death in 1986.
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pišući književnost, filozofiju i memoare sve do smrti 1986. godine.
04:39
Today, her work offers a philosophical language
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Danas, njeno delo nudi filozofski jezik
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to be reimagined, revisited and rebelled against—
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koji treba nanovo osmisliti, obraditi i pobuniti se protiv njega -
04:46
a response this revolutionary thinker might have welcomed.
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a to je reakcija koju bi ovaj revolucionarni mislilac možda prigrlio.
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