How does the Rorschach inkblot test work? - Damion Searls

7,101,419 views ・ 2019-03-05

TED-Ed


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Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:07
Take a look at this image.
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Pogledajte ovu sliku.
00:09
What might this be?
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Šta bi ovo moglo biti?
00:10
A frightening monster?
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Zastrašujuće čudovište?
00:12
Two friendly bears?
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Dva druželjubiva medveda?
00:13
Or something else entirely?
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Ili nešto sasvim drugačije?
00:16
For nearly a century,
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Skoro čitav vek
00:17
ten inkblots like these have been used
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je ovakvih deset mrlja od mastila korišćeno
00:20
as what seems like an almost mystical personality test.
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kao nešto što se čini kao gotovo mističan test ličnosti.
00:24
Long kept confidential for psychologists and their patients,
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Ove misteriozne slike su dugo držane u tajnosti
za psihologe i njihove pacijente
00:27
the mysterious images were said to draw out the workings of a person’s mind.
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i smatralo se da se oslanjaju na procese u glavi osobe.
00:33
But what can inkblots really tell us,
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Ali šta nam mrlje od mastila zaista mogu reći
00:35
and how does this test work?
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i kako ovaj test funkcioniše?
00:38
Invented in the early 20th century by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach,
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Izum švedskog psihijatra Hermana Roršaha s početka 20. veka,
00:43
the Rorschach Test is actually less about the specific things we see,
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Roršahov test se zapravo manje odnosi na konkretne stvari koje vidimo,
00:47
and more about our general approach to perception.
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a više na naš opšti pristup opažanju.
00:50
As an amateur artist
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Kao umetnik amater, Herman je bio fasciniran
00:52
Hermann was fascinated by how visual perception varies from person to person.
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time kako se vizuelno opažanje razlikuje od jedne do druge osobe.
00:57
He carried this interest to medical school,
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Nastavio je sa svojim interesovanjem u medicinskoj školi,
00:59
where he learned all our senses are deeply connected.
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gde je učio da su sva naša čula duboko povezana.
01:03
He studied how our process of perception doesn’t just register sensory inputs,
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Proučavao je kako naš proces opažanja
ne samo da registruje ulazne informacije iz čula,
01:08
but transforms them.
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već ih i menja.
01:09
And when he started working at a mental hospital in eastern Switzerland,
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A kada je počeo da radi u mentalnoj bolnici
u istočnoj Švajcarskoj,
01:13
he began designing a series of puzzling images
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počeo je da stvara niz zagonetnih slika
01:17
to gain new insight into this enigmatic process.
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da bi stekao nove uvide u ovaj tajanstveni proces.
01:21
Using his inkblot paintings,
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Pomoću slika mrlja od mastila,
01:23
Rorschach began quizzing hundreds of healthy subjects
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Roršah je počeo da ispituje stotine zdravih ispitanika
01:26
and psychiatric patients with the same question:
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i psihijatrijskih pacijenata postavljajući im isto pitanje:
01:29
what might this be?
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šta bi ovo moglo biti?
01:31
However, it wasn’t what the test subjects saw that was most important to Rorschach,
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Međutim, ono što su ispitanici videli nije bilo najvažnije za Roršaha,
01:36
but rather, how they approached the task.
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već kako bi pristupili zadatku.
01:39
Which parts of the image did they focus on or ignore?
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Na koje delove slike su se fokusirali ili su ih ignorisali?
01:42
Did they see the image moving?
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Jesu li videli da se slika pomera?
01:44
Did the color on some inkblots help them give better answers,
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Da li im je boja na nekim mrljama pomogla da daju bolje odgovore
01:48
or distract and overwhelm them?
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ili bi ih ometala ili preplavljivala?
01:51
He developed a system to code people’s responses,
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Razvio je sistem za kodiranje odgovora ljudi,
01:54
reducing the wide range of interpretations to a few manageable numbers.
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smanjivši veliki opseg mogućih tumačenja na prikladan broj od njih nekoliko.
01:59
Now he had empirical measures to quantify all kinds of test takers:
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Sada je imao emprijske mere da bi kvantifikovao raznorazne ispitanike:
02:04
the creative and imaginative,
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kreativne i maštovite,
02:05
the detail-oriented, the big-picture perceivers,
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one koji su orijentisani na detalje i one koji vide širu sliku,
02:08
and flexible participants able to adapt their approach.
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kao i fleksibilne učesnike koji su mogli da prilagode pristup.
02:12
Some people would get stuck,
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Neki ljudi bi se zaglavili
02:14
offering the same answer for multiple blots.
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i davali isti odgovor na više mrlja.
02:17
Others gave unusual and delightful descriptions.
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Drugi su davali neobične i divne opise.
02:20
Responses were as varied as the inkblots,
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Odgovori su bili različiti kao i mrlje,
02:22
which offered different kinds of perceptual problems–
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a nudile su razne vrste opažajnih problema,
02:26
some easier to interpret than others.
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od kojih su neki bile lakši za tumačenje od drugih.
02:28
But analyzing the test-taker’s overall approach
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Ali analiziranje opšteg pristupa ispitanika
02:31
yielded real insights into their psychology.
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dalo je pravi uvid u njihovu psihologiju.
02:34
And as Rorschach tested more and more people,
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Kako je Roršah testirao sve više ljudi,
02:37
patterns began to pile up.
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šabloni su počeli da se gomilaju.
02:39
Healthy subjects with the same personalities
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Zdravi ispitanici sa istim ličnostima
02:42
often took remarkably similar approaches.
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često su imali iznenađujuće slične pristupe.
02:45
Patients suffering from the same mental illnesses
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Pacijenti koji su patili od istih mentalnih bolesti
02:47
also performed similarly,
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često su imali sličan rezultat,
02:49
making the test a reliable diagnostic tool.
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čime je test postao pouzdan dijagnostički instrument.
02:53
It could even diagnose some conditions
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Čak je mogao da dijagnostikuje neka stanja
02:55
difficult to pinpoint with other available methods.
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koje je bilo teško ustanoviti drugim dostupnim metodama.
02:59
In 1921,
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Godine 1921,
03:00
Rorschach published his coding system alongside the ten blots he felt
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Roršah je objavio svoj sistem kodiranja zajedno sa deset mrlja za koje je smatrao
03:05
gave the most nuanced picture of people’s perceptual approach.
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da daju najdetaljniju sliku pristupa ljudi u opažanju.
03:09
Over the next several decades,
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Tokom narednih nekoliko decenija,
03:11
the test became wildly popular in countries around the world.
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test je postao veoma popularan u zemljama širom sveta.
03:15
By the 1960s,
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Već je 1960-ih godina
03:17
it had been officially administered millions of times in the U.S. alone.
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zvanično bio primenjen više miliona puta samo u SAD-u.
03:21
Unfortunately, less than a year after publishing the test,
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Nažalost, manje od godinu dana nakon objavljivanja testa,
03:24
Hermann Rorschach had died suddenly.
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Herman Roršah je iznenada umro.
03:27
Without its inventor to keep it on track,
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U odsustvu izumitelja koji bi ga kontrolisao,
03:29
the test he had methodically gathered so much data to support
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test za koji je on metodično prikupio toliko podataka da bi ga potkrepio
03:32
began to be used in all sorts of speculative ways.
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počeo je da se koristi na razne spekulativne načine.
03:36
Researchers gave the test to Nazi war criminals,
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Istraživači su zadali test nacističkim ratnim kriminalcima
03:39
hoping to unlock the psychological roots of mass murder.
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u nadi da će razotkriti psihološke korene masovnih ubistava.
03:43
Anthropologists showed the images to remote communities
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Antropolozi su pokazivali slike u udaljenim zajednicama
03:46
as a sort of universal personality test.
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kao neku vrstu univerzalnog testa ličnosti.
03:49
Employers made prejudiced hiring decisions based on reductive decoding charts.
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Poslodavci su donosili odluke o zapošljavanju sa predrasudama
na osnovu pojednostavljenog ključa za dekodiranje.
03:54
As the test left clinics and entered popular culture
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Kada je test izašao iz klinika i uključio se u popularnu kulturu,
03:58
its reputation among medical professionals plummeted,
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njegov ugled je opao među profesionalcima u medicini
04:01
and the blots began to fall out of clinical use.
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i mrlje su počele da ispadaju iz kliničke upotrebe.
04:05
Today, the test is still controversial,
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Danas je test i dalje kontroverzan
04:08
and many people assume it has been disproven.
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i mnogi pretpostavljaju da je opovrgnut.
04:10
But a massive 2013 review of all the existing Rorschach research
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Ali 2013. godine je ogroman pregled svih postojećih istraživanja Roršaha
04:15
showed that when administered properly the test yields valid results,
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pokazao da, kada se pravilno primenjuje, test daje valjane rezultate
04:20
which can help diagnose mental illness
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koji mogu pomoći da se dijagnostikuju mentalni poremećaji
04:22
or round out a patient’s psychological profile.
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ili da se zaokruži psihološki profil pacijenta.
04:26
It’s hardly a stand-alone key to the human mind–
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Daleko od toga da je sveobuhvatni ključ za ljudski um; to nije nijedan test.
04:29
no test is.
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04:30
But its visual approach and lack of any single right answer
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Ali njegov vizuelni pristup i odsustvo bilo kakvog pravog odgovora
04:34
continue to help psychologists paint a more nuanced picture
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nastavljaju da pomažu psiholozima da sačine jasniju sliku
04:38
of how people see the world.
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toga kako ljudi vide svet,
04:40
Bringing us one step closer
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što nas vodi korak bliže
04:41
to understanding the patterns behind our perceptions.
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razumevanju šablona u osnovi naših opažaja.
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