How does the Rorschach inkblot test work? - Damion Searls

7,101,419 views ใƒป 2019-03-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Take a look at this image.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:09
What might this be?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
00:10
A frightening monster?
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ืžืคืœืฆืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”?
00:12
Two friendly bears?
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื?
00:13
Or something else entirely?
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™?
00:16
For nearly a century,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
00:17
ten inkblots like these have been used
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ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืชืžื™ ื“ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
00:20
as what seems like an almost mystical personality test.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™.
00:24
Long kept confidential for psychologists and their patients,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื—ืกื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื™ื”ื,
00:27
the mysterious images were said to draw out the workings of a personโ€™s mind.
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ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
00:33
But what can inkblots really tell us,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื›ืชืžื™ ื“ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื•,
00:35
and how does this test work?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
00:38
Invented in the early 20th century by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืจืžืŸ ืจื•ืจืฉืืš,
00:43
the Rorschach Test is actually less about the specific things we see,
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ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจื•ืจืฉืืš ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
00:47
and more about our general approach to perception.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืคื™ืฉื”.
00:50
As an amateur artist
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ื›ืืžืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืŸ
00:52
Hermann was fascinated by how visual perception varies from person to person.
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ื”ืจืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืื™ืš ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
00:57
He carried this interest to medical school,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
00:59
where he learned all our senses are deeply connected.
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ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
01:03
He studied how our process of perception doesnโ€™t just register sensory inputs,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืื™ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืจื•ืฉื ืงืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื™,
01:08
but transforms them.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื•.
01:09
And when he started working at a mental hospital in eastern Switzerland,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ,
01:13
he began designing a series of puzzling images
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช
01:17
to gain new insight into this enigmatic process.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
01:21
Using his inkblot paintings,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชืžื™ ื“ื™ื•,
01:23
Rorschach began quizzing hundreds of healthy subjects
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ืจื•ืจืฉืืš ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
01:26
and psychiatric patients with the same question:
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ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช:
01:29
what might this be?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
01:31
However, it wasnโ€™t what the test subjects saw that was most important to Rorschach,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื•ืจืฉืืš,
01:36
but rather, how they approached the task.
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ืืœื, ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”.
01:39
Which parts of the image did they focus on or ignore?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื•ืžืื™ื–ื” ื”ืชืขืœืžื•?
01:42
Did they see the image moving?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืขื”?
01:44
Did the color on some inkblots help them give better answers,
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ื”ืื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:48
or distract and overwhelm them?
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœื™ื”ื?
01:51
He developed a system to code peopleโ€™s responses,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:54
reducing the wide range of interpretations to a few manageable numbers.
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ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
01:59
Now he had empirical measures to quantify all kinds of test takers:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื:
02:04
the creative and imaginative,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
02:05
the detail-oriented, the big-picture perceivers,
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ืืœื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื”,
02:08
and flexible participants able to adapt their approach.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:12
Some people would get stuck,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชืงืขื™ื,
02:14
offering the same answer for multiple blots.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื›ืชืžื™ื.
02:17
Others gave unusual and delightful descriptions.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžืขื ื’ื™ื.
02:20
Responses were as varied as the inkblots,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืชืžื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•,
02:22
which offered different kinds of perceptual problemsโ€“
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช --
02:26
some easier to interpret than others.
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ื›ืžื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
02:28
But analyzing the test-takerโ€™s overall approach
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื
02:31
yielded real insights into their psychology.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:34
And as Rorschach tested more and more people,
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ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืจืฉืืš ื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:37
patterns began to pile up.
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
02:39
Healthy subjects with the same personalities
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ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
02:42
often took remarkably similar approaches.
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ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
02:45
Patients suffering from the same mental illnesses
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช
02:47
also performed similarly,
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ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:49
making the test a reliable diagnostic tool.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ.
02:53
It could even diagnose some conditions
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ืœ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
02:55
difficult to pinpoint with other available methods.
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ืฉืงืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:59
In 1921,
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ื‘ 1921,
03:00
Rorschach published his coding system alongside the ten blots he felt
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ืจื•ืจืฉืืš ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘
03:05
gave the most nuanced picture of peopleโ€™s perceptual approach.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:09
Over the next several decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
03:11
the test became wildly popular in countries around the world.
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ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
03:15
By the 1960s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
03:17
it had been officially administered millions of times in the U.S. alone.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื”.
03:21
Unfortunately, less than a year after publishing the test,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ,
03:24
Hermann Rorschach had died suddenly.
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ื”ืจืžืŸ ืจื•ืจืฉืืš ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
03:27
Without its inventor to keep it on track,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ,
03:29
the test he had methodically gathered so much data to support
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ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื•
03:32
began to be used in all sorts of speculative ways.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
Researchers gave the test to Nazi war criminals,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื,
03:39
hoping to unlock the psychological roots of mass murder.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
03:43
Anthropologists showed the images to remote communities
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ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช
03:46
as a sort of universal personality test.
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ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
03:49
Employers made prejudiced hiring decisions based on reductive decoding charts.
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ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืคืขื ื•ื— ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:54
As the test left clinics and entered popular culture
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
03:58
its reputation among medical professionals plummeted,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆื ื—,
04:01
and the blots began to fall out of clinical use.
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ื•ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™.
04:05
Today, the test is still controversial,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
04:08
and many people assume it has been disproven.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืจืš.
04:10
But a massive 2013 review of all the existing Rorschach research
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืงืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืž 2013 ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจื•ืจืฉืืš
04:15
showed that when administered properly the test yields valid results,
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:20
which can help diagnose mental illness
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
04:22
or round out a patientโ€™s psychological profile.
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ืื• ืœืขื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
04:26
Itโ€™s hardly a stand-alone key to the human mindโ€“
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ --
04:29
no test is.
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ืืฃ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื.
04:30
But its visual approach and lack of any single right answer
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
04:34
continue to help psychologists paint a more nuanced picture
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
04:38
of how people see the world.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:40
Bringing us one step closer
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
04:41
to understanding the patterns behind our perceptions.
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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