Volcanic eruption explained - Steven Anderson

2,006,865 views ・ 2020-07-13

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido
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Februara 1942. godine, meksički farmer Dionisio Pulido
00:12
thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield.
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pomislio je da je čuo grmljavinu koja dolazi iz njegovog kukuruznog polja.
00:15
However, the sound wasn’t coming from the sky.
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Međutim, zvuk nije dolazio sa neba.
00:19
The source was a large, smoking crack emitting gas and ejecting rocks.
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Izvor je bila pukotina koja se dimi, emituje gasove i izbacuje kamenje.
00:25
This fissure would come to be known as the volcano Paricutin,
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Ova pukotina će postati poznata kao vulkan Parikutin,
00:29
and over the next 9 years, its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km.
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a za narednih devet godina, njena lava i pepeo pokriće preko 200 km kvadratnih.
00:36
But where did this new volcano come from,
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A odakle se pojavio ovaj novi vulkan,
00:39
and what triggered its unpredictable eruption?
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i šta je izazvalo njegovu nepredvidivu erupciju?
00:43
The story of any volcano begins with magma.
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Priča bilo kog vulkana počinje sa magmom.
00:46
Often, this molten rock forms in areas where ocean water
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Često se ovaj rastopljeni kamen formira u oblastima gde je okenska voda
00:50
is able to slip into the Earth’s mantle and lower the layer’s melting point.
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u prilici da se progura u Zemljin omotač i smanji tačku topljenja sloja.
00:56
The resulting magma typically remains under the Earth’s surface
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Rezultirajuća magma obično ostaje ispod Zemljine površine
01:00
thanks to the delicate balance of three geological factors.
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zahvaljujući delikatnom balansu tri geološka faktora.
01:04
The first is lithostatic pressure.
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Prvi je litostatički pritisak.
01:06
This is the weight of the Earth’s crust pushing down on the magma below.
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Ovo je težina Zemljine kore koja gura magmu nadole.
01:11
Magma pushes back with the second factor, magmastatic pressure.
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Magma gura nazad uz pomoć drugog faktora, magmastatičkog pritiska.
01:16
The battle between these forces strains the third factor:
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Borba između ovih sila opterećuje treći faktor:
01:20
the rock strength of the Earth’s crust.
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jačinu stena Zemljine kore.
01:23
Usually, the rock is strong enough and heavy enough
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Uglavnom, kamen je dovoljno jak i težak
01:26
to keep the magma in place.
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da održava magmu na mestu.
01:28
But when this equilibrium is thrown off, the consequences can be explosive.
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Ali kad se ravnoteža poremeti, posledice mogu biti eksplozivne.
01:34
One of the most common causes of an eruption
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Jedan od najčešćih uzroka erupcije je povećanje magmastatičkog pritiska.
01:37
is an increase in magmastatic pressure.
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01:40
Magma contains various elements and compounds,
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Magma sadrži razne elemente i jedinjenja,
01:43
many of which are dissolved in the molten rock.
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a mnogi od njih su rastvoreni u istopljenom kamenu.
01:46
At high enough concentrations, compounds like water or sulfur no longer dissolve,
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U dovoljno visokim koncentracijama, jedinjenja poput vode ili sumpora
više se ne rastvaraju i umesto toga formiraju
01:53
and instead form high-pressure gas bubbles.
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mehuriće gasa pod velikim pritiskom.
01:56
When these bubbles reach the surface,
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Kad ovi mehurići dođu do površine,
01:59
they can burst with the force of a gunshot.
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mogu pući istom snagom kao pucanj iz pištolja.
02:02
And when millions of bubbles explode simultaneously,
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A kad milioni mehurića eksplodiraju u isto vreme,
02:05
the energy can send plumes of ash into the stratosphere.
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energija može da pošalje pljuskove pepela u stratosferu.
02:10
But before they pop, they act like bubbles of C02 in a shaken soda.
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Ali pre nego što puknu, ponašaju se kao mehurići C02 u mućkanom soku.
02:15
Their presence lowers the magma’s density,
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Njihova prisutnost smanjuje gustinu magme,
02:18
and increases the buoyant force pushing upward through the crust.
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i povećava plivajuću silu koja se progurava kroz koru.
02:23
Many geologists believe this process was behind the Paricutin eruption
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Mnogo geologa veruje da se ovaj proces desio
prilikom erupcije Parikutina u Meksiku.
02:28
in Mexico.
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02:30
There are two known natural causes for these buoyant bubbles.
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Postoje dva poznata prirodna uzroka za ove plivajuće mehuriće.
02:33
Sometimes, new magma from deeper underground
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Ponekad, nova magma sa veće dubine
02:36
brings additional gassy compounds into the mix.
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donosi dodatna gasovita jedinjenja u mešavinu.
02:40
But bubbles can also form when magma begins to cool.
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Međutim mehurići mogu da se formiraju kada magma počne da se hladi.
02:44
In its molten state, magma is a mixture of dissolved gases and melted minerals.
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U rastopljenom stanju, magma je mešavina rastvorenih gasova i istopljenih minerala.
02:50
As the molten rock hardens, some of those minerals solidify into crystals.
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Kako se rastopljeni kamen stvrdnjava, neki od minerala se učvršćuju u kristale.
02:55
This process doesn’t incorporate many of the dissolved gasses,
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Ovaj proces ne uključuje mnoge od rastvorenih gasova,
02:59
resulting in a higher concentration of the compounds
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i onda nastaju jedinjenja visoke koncentracije
03:02
that form explosive bubbles.
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koja formiraju eksplozivne mehuriće.
03:06
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressure—
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Ne dešavaju se sve erupcije zbog porasta magmastatičkog pritiska,
03:10
sometimes the weight of the rock above can become dangerously low.
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ponekad težina kamena koji je iznad može postati opasno niska.
03:15
Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a magma chamber,
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Klizišta mogu da uklone ogromne količine stena sa vrha magmatske komore,
03:20
dropping the lithostatic pressure and instantly triggering an eruption.
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spuštajući litostatički pritisak i time odmah izazivaju erupciju.
03:25
This process is known as “unloading”
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Ovaj proces je poznat kao rasterećivanje
03:27
and it’s been responsible for numerous eruptions,
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i odgovoran je za brojne erupcije,
03:30
including the sudden explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980.
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uključujući i iznenadnu ekploziju vulkana Sveta Helena 1980. godine.
03:35
But unloading can also happen over longer periods of time
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Međutim, rasterećivanje može da se desi i tokom dužeg vremenskog perioda
03:39
due to erosion or melting glaciers.
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usled erozije ili topljenja glečera.
03:41
In fact, many geologists are worried that glacial melt
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U stvari, mnogi geolozi su zabrinuti da topljenje lednika
03:45
caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
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izazvano klimatskim promenama može da poveća vulkansku aktivnost.
03:49
Finally, eruptions can occur when the rock layer is no longer strong enough
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Na kraju, erupcije mogu da se dese kada sloj kamena nije više dovoljno jak
03:54
to hold back the magma below.
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da drži magmu ispod.
03:56
Acidic gases and heat escaping from magma
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Kiseli gasovi i toplota koji ističu iz magme
03:59
can corrode rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration,
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mogu da nagrizu stene tokom procesa koji se zove hidrotermalna izmena,
04:04
gradually turning hard stone into soft clay.
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postepeno pretvarajući tvrdi kamen u meku glinu.
04:08
The rock layer could also be weakened by tectonic activity.
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Sloj stena može biti oslabljen tektonskim aktivnostima.
04:12
Earthquakes can create fissures allowing magma to escape to the surface,
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Zemljotresi mogu da stvore pukotine koje omogućavaju magmi
da pobegne do površine, a Zemljina kora može da se rasteže
04:16
and the Earth’s crust can be stretched thin
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04:19
as continental plates shift away from each other.
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dok se kontinentalne ploče pomeraju jedna od druge.
04:23
Unfortunately, knowing what causes eruptions
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Nažalost, iako se zna šta izaziva erupcije
04:26
doesn’t make them easy to predict.
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nije ih lako predvideti.
04:28
While scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight
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Dok naučnici mogu otprilike da utvrde jačinu i težinu Zemljine kore,
04:31
of the Earth’s crust,
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04:33
the depth and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes
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dubina i toplota magmatskih komora
otežava merenje promena magmastatičkog pritiska.
04:37
in magmastatic pressure very difficult.
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04:40
But volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology
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Vulkanolozi neprekidno istražuju nove tehnologije
04:44
to conquer this rocky terrain.
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kako bi pobedili ovaj stenoviti teren.
04:46
Advances in thermal imaging have allowed scientists
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Napreci u termičkom snimanju omogućili su naučnicima
04:49
to detect subterranean hotspots.
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da detektuju podzemna žarišta.
04:52
Spectrometers can analyze gases escaping magma.
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Spektrometri mogu da analiziraju gasove koji izlaze iz magme.
04:55
And lasers can precisely track the impact of rising magma on a volcano’s shape.
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A laseri mogu precizno da prate uticaj rastuće magme na oblik vulkana.
05:02
Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these volatile vents
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Nadamo se da će nam ovi alati pomoći da bolje razumemo ove isparljive otvore
05:06
and their explosive eruptions.
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i njihove eksplozivne erupcije.
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