Volcanic eruption explained - Steven Anderson

2,165,017 views ใƒป 2020-07-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido
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ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1942, ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื• ืคื•ืœื™ื“ื•
00:12
thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield.
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืžืข ืจืขื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืœื•.
00:15
However, the sound wasnโ€™t coming from the sky.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื.
00:19
The source was a large, smoking crack emitting gas and ejecting rocks.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขืฉืŸ ืฉืคืœื˜ ื’ื– ื•ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืกืœืขื™ื.
00:25
This fissure would come to be known as the volcano Paricutin,
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ื”ื‘ืงืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืคืจื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
00:29
and over the next 9 years, its lava and ash would cover over 200 square km.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 9 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืœืื‘ื” ื•ื”ืืคืจ ื›ื™ืกื• 200 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
00:36
But where did this new volcano come from,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
00:39
and what triggered its unpredictable eruption?
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ื•ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•?
00:43
The story of any volcano begins with magma.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจ ื’ืฉืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืื’ืžื”.
00:46
Often, this molten rock forms in areas where ocean water
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืžื•ืชืš ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
00:50
is able to slip into the Earthโ€™s mantle and lower the layerโ€™s melting point.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืžืขื˜ืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
00:56
The resulting magma typically remains under the Earthโ€™s surface
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ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืฉืืจืช ืชื—ืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:00
thanks to the delicate balance of three geological factors.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
01:04
The first is lithostatic pressure.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฅ ืœื™ืช'ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
01:06
This is the weight of the Earthโ€™s crust pushing down on the magma below.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
01:11
Magma pushes back with the second factor, magmastatic pressure.
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ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœื—ืฅ ืžืื’ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
01:16
The battle between these forces strains the third factor:
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ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™:
01:20
the rock strength of the Earthโ€™s crust.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:23
Usually, the rock is strong enough and heavy enough
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืกืœืข ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:26
to keep the magma in place.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”.
01:28
But when this equilibrium is thrown off, the consequences can be explosive.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืคืจ, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.
01:34
One of the most common causes of an eruption
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช
01:37
is an increase in magmastatic pressure.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืื’ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
01:40
Magma contains various elements and compounds,
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ืžืื’ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:43
many of which are dissolved in the molten rock.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืกืœืข ืžื•ืชืš.
01:46
At high enough concentrations, compounds like water or sulfur no longer dissolve,
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ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:53
and instead form high-pressure gas bubbles.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื– ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:56
When these bubbles reach the surface,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:59
they can burst with the force of a gunshot.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื”.
02:02
And when millions of bubbles explode simultaneously,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
02:05
the energy can send plumes of ash into the stratosphere.
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจ ืœืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:10
But before they pop, they act like bubbles of C02 in a shaken soda.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื“โ€œื— ื‘ืกื•ื“ื” ืžื ื•ืขืจืช.
02:15
Their presence lowers the magmaโ€™s density,
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืžื”,
02:18
and increases the buoyant force pushing upward through the crust.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื™ืคื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื•ื.
02:23
Many geologists believe this process was behind the Paricutin eruption
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืคืจืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
02:28
in Mexico.
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ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:30
There are two known natural causes for these buoyant bubbles.
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02:33
Sometimes, new magma from deeper underground
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืžืื’ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”
02:36
brings additional gassy compounds into the mix.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
02:40
But bubbles can also form when magma begins to cool.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉืžืื’ืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ.
02:44
In its molten state, magma is a mixture of dissolved gases and melted minerals.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืชืš ืฉืœื”, ืžืื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžื•ืชื›ื™ื.
02:50
As the molten rock hardens, some of those minerals solidify into crystals.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืœืข ื”ืžื•ืชืš ืžืชืงืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
02:55
This process doesnโ€™t incorporate many of the dissolved gasses,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืกื™ื,
02:59
resulting in a higher concentration of the compounds
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:02
that form explosive bubbles.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืคื™ืฆื•ืช.
03:06
Not all eruptions are due to rising magmastatic pressureโ€”
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืื’ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืขื•ืœื” --
03:10
sometimes the weight of the rock above can become dangerously low.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืข ืžืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
03:15
Landslides can remove massive quantities of rock from atop a magma chamber,
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ืžืคื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ืžืขืœ ืชื ืžืื’ืžื”,
03:20
dropping the lithostatic pressure and instantly triggering an eruption.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืœื™ืชื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
03:25
This process is known as โ€œunloadingโ€
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›"ื”ืงืœื”"
03:27
and itโ€™s been responsible for numerous eruptions,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:30
including the sudden explosion of Mount St. Helens in 1980.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืœืŸ ื‘ 1980.
03:35
But unloading can also happen over longer periods of time
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:39
due to erosion or melting glaciers.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืื• ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืกื™ื.
03:41
In fact, many geologists are worried that glacial melt
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
03:45
caused by climate change could increase volcanic activity.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช.
03:49
Finally, eruptions can occur when the rock layer is no longer strong enough
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืกืœืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:54
to hold back the magma below.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”.
03:56
Acidic gases and heat escaping from magma
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ื’ื–ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืžืื’ืžื”
03:59
can corrode rock through a process called hydrothermal alteration,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืกืœืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื• ืชืจืžืœื™,
04:04
gradually turning hard stone into soft clay.
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ืฉืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื‘ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ืžืจ ืจืš.
04:08
The rock layer could also be weakened by tectonic activity.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืกืœืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช.
04:12
Earthquakes can create fissures allowing magma to escape to the surface,
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ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงืขื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืื’ืžื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
04:16
and the Earthโ€™s crust can be stretched thin
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ื•ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืชื— ืœืขื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืง
04:19
as continental plates shift away from each other.
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื–ื–ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
04:23
Unfortunately, knowing what causes eruptions
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช
04:26
doesnโ€™t make them easy to predict.
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ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
04:28
While scientists can roughly determine the strength and weight
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžืฉืงืœ
04:31
of the Earthโ€™s crust,
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ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:33
the depth and heat of magma chambers makes measuring changes
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื”
ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืื’ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืœืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
04:37
in magmastatic pressure very difficult.
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04:40
But volcanologists are constantly exploring new technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:44
to conquer this rocky terrain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:46
Advances in thermal imaging have allowed scientists
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื
04:49
to detect subterranean hotspots.
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช.
04:52
Spectrometers can analyze gases escaping magma.
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ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื’ืžื”.
04:55
And lasers can precisely track the impact of rising magma on a volcanoโ€™s shape.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ.
05:02
Hopefully, these tools will help us better understand these volatile vents
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืื“ื™ื ื”ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
05:06
and their explosive eruptions.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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