What causes headaches? - Dan Kwartler

Prevodilac: Jelena Đurasović Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

In ancient Greece, headaches were considered powerful afflictions.

U antičkoj Grčkoj glavobolje su smatrane velikom nesrećom.

Victims prayed for relief from Asclepius, the god of medicine.

Žrtve su se molile za smanjenje bolova Asklepiju, bogu medicine.

And if pain continued,

Ukoliko je bol opstajao,

a medical practitioner would perform the best-known remedy—

doktor bi izvodio najpoznatiji zahvat,

drilling a small hole in the skull to drain supposedly infected blood.

bušeći malu rupu na lobanji da bi iscurela navodno inficirana krv.

This dire technique, called trepanation,

Ovom užasnom tehnikom, zvanom trepanacija,

often replaced the headache with a more permanent condition.

glavobolja bi često bila zamenjena nekim trajnijim stanjem.

Fortunately, doctors today don’t resort to power tools to cure headaches.

Na svu sreću, doktori danas ne pribegavaju

električnim alatima da bi lečili glavobolju.

But we still have a lot to learn about this ancient ailment.

Međutim, još uvek treba dosta da naučimo o ovoj drevnoj bolesti.

Today, we’ve classified headaches into two camps—

Danas delimo glavobolje u dve grupe:

primary headaches

primarne glavobolje

and secondary headaches.

i sekundarne glavobolje.

The former are not symptomatic of an underlying disease, injury, or condition;

Prve nisu simptomatične za osnovnu bolest, povredu ili stanje;

they are the condition.

one same su stanje.

But we’ll come back to them in a minute

Ali, vratićemo se na to kasnije,

because while primary headaches account for 50% of reported cases,

jer dok primarne glavobolje čine pedeset odsto prijavljenih slučajeva,

we actually know much more about secondary headaches.

znamo mnogo više o sekundarnim glavoboljama.

These are caused by other health problems,

Ove su prouzrokovane drugim zdravstvenim problemima,

with triggers ranging from dehydration and caffeine withdrawal

a uzroci variraju od dehidratacije i nedostatka kofeina

to head and neck injury,

do povreda glave i vrata,

and heart disease.

kao i srčanih oboljenja.

Doctors have classified over 150 diagnosable types,

Doktori su klasifikovali preko sto pedeset prepoznatljivih tipova

all with different potential causes, symptoms, and treatments.

sa različitim potencijalnim uzrocima, simptomima i lečenjem.

But we’ll take just one common case —a sinus infection—as an example.

Ali, uzećemo za primer samo jedan čest slučaj, sinusnu infekciju.

The sinuses are a system of cavities

Sinusi su sistem šupljina

that spread behind our foreheads, noses, and upper cheeks.

koji se nalazi iza našeg čela, nosa, i gornjeg dela obraza.

When our sinuses are infected,

Kada su sinusi upaljeni,

our immune response heats up the area,

naš imunitet reaguje tako što zagreva taj deo,

roasting the bacteria and inflaming the cavities well past their usual size.

prži bakterije i povećava šupljine daleko iznad njihove uobičajene veličine.

The engorged sinuses put pressure on the cranial arteries and veins,

Uvećani sinusi vrše pritisak na moždane arterije i vene,

as well as muscles in the neck and head.

kao i na mišiće vrata i glave.

Their pain receptors, called nociceptors, trigger in response,

Njihovi receptori za bol, zvani nocireceptori, se aktiviraju,

cueing the brain to release a flood of neuropeptides

podstičući u mozgu oslobađanje velike količine neuropeptida

that inflame the cranial blood vessels, swelling and heating up the head.

koji stvaraju upalu krvnih sudova u mozgu,

i dolazi do oticanja i grejanja glave.

This discomfort, paired with hyper-sensitive head muscles,

Ova nelagodnost, zajedno sa hipersenzitivnim mišićima glave,

creates the sore, throbbing pain of a headache.

stvara jak i pulsirajući bol.

Not all headache pain comes from swelling.

Nije svaka glavobolja prouzrokovana oticanjem.

Tense muscles and inflamed, sensitive nerves

Stegnuti mišići i upaljeni, osetljivi nervi

cause varying degrees of discomfort in each headache.

uzrokuju varirajući stepen nelagodnosti u svakoj glavobolji.

But all cases are reactions to some cranial irritant.

Ali, svi slučajevi su reakcije na neki nadražaj u glavi.

While the cause is clear in secondary headaches,

Dok je uzrok jasan kod sekundarnih glavobolja,

the origins of primary headaches remain unknown.

izvor primarnih glavobolja još uvek je nepoznat.

Naučnici i dalje ispituju potencijalne uzročnike

Scientists are still investigating potential triggers

for the three types of primary headaches:

u tri tipa primarnih glavobolja:

recurring, long-lasting migraines;

ponavljajuće, dugotrajne migrene,

intensely painful, rapid-fire cluster headaches;

izuzetno bolne, nagle klaster glavobolje

and, most common of all, the tension headache.

i, najčešće od svih, tenzione glavobolje.

As the name suggests,

Kao što samo ime kaže,

tension headaches are known for creating the sensation

tenzione glavobolje su poznate po tome što ih prati osećaj

of a tight band squeezed around the head.

čvrste trake stisnute oko glave.

These headaches increase the tenderness of the pericranial muscles,

Ove glavobolje povećavaju osetljivost perikranijalnih mišića,

which then painfully pulse with blood and oxygen.

koji bolno pulsiraju dok krv i kiseonik prolaze kroz njih.

Patients report stress, dehydration, and hormone changes as triggers,

Pacijenti navode stres, dehidrataciju i hormonalne promene kao okidače,

but these don’t fit the symptoms quite right.

ali ovi uzročnici ne odgovaraju simptomima u potpunosti.

For example, in dehydration headaches,

Na primer, kod glavobolja izazvanih dehidratacijom,

the frontal lobe actually shrinks away from the skull,

frontalni režanj se skuplja i povlači od lobanje,

creating forehead swelling

što prouzrokuje oticanje čela,

that doesn’t match the location of the pain in tension headaches.

a to ne odgovara mestu bola u tenzionim glavoboljama.

Scientists have theories for what the actual cause is,

Naučnici imaju teorije o pravom uzroku,

ranging from spasming blood vessels

koji varira od grčenja krvnih sudova

to overly sensitive nociceptors,

do prekomerno osetljivih nocireceptora,

but no one knows for sure.

ali niko ne zna zasigurno.

Meanwhile, most headache research is focused on more severe primary headaches.

U međuvremenu, većina istraživanja o glavoboljama

odnosi se na bolnije primarne glavobolje.

Migraines are recurring headaches, which create a vise-like sensation on the skull

Migrene su ponavljajuće glavobolje koje stvaraju osećaj stege u glavi

that can last from four hours to three days.

koji može da traje od četiri sata do tri dana.

In 20% of cases, these attacks are intense enough

U dvadeset odsto slučajeva ovi napadi su dovoljno jaki

to overload the brain with electrical energy,

da prepune mozak elektricitetom

which hyper-excites sensory nerve endings.

koji suviše iritira završetke senzornih nerava.

This produces hallucinations called auras,

Ovo prouzrokuje halucinacije koje se zovu aure,

which can include seeing flashing lights

u okviru kojih se mogu videti treptanje svetla i geometrijske šare,

and geometric patterns and experiencing tingling sensations.

a možete iskusiti i peckanje.

Cluster headaches, another primary headache type,

Klaster glavobolje, još jedan tip primarnih glavobolja,

cause burning, stabbing bursts of pain behind one eye,

prouzrokuju goreće, probadajuće nalete bola iza jednog oka,

leading to a red eye, constricted pupil, and drooping eyelid.

što dovodi do crvenila u oku, sužavanja zenica i padanja kapka.

What can be done about these conditions,

Šta se može uraditi u vezi sa ovim stanjima

which dramatically affect many people’s quality of life?

koja dramatično utiču na kvalitet života mnogo ljudi?

Tension headaches and most secondary cases

Tenzione glavobolje i većina sekundarnih stanja

can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications,

mogu se tretirati lekovima protiv bolova bez recepta,

such as anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce cranial swelling.

kao što su protivupalni lekovi koji smanjuju oticanje glave.

And many secondary headache triggers,

I mnogi sekundarni uzroci glavobolje,

like dehydration,

kao što su dehidratacija,

eye strain,

naprezanje očiju

and stress,

i stres

can be proactively avoided.

mogu biti unapred izbegnuti.

Migraines and cluster headaches are more complicated,

Migrene i klaster glavobolje su komplikovanije,

and we haven’t yet discovered reliable treatments that work for everyone.

i još uvek nismo otkrili pouzdane terapije koje bi odgovarale svima.

But thankfully, pharmacologists and neurologists are hard at work

Ali, na sreću, farmaceuti i neurolozi vredno rade

cracking these pressing mysteries that weigh so heavily on our minds.

na rešavanju ovih upornih misterija koje nas toliko brinu.