What causes headaches? - Dan Kwartler

6,682,223 views ใƒป 2018-04-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In ancient Greece, headaches were considered powerful afflictions.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
00:12
Victims prayed for relief from Asclepius, the god of medicine.
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืœื”ืงืœื” ืžืืกืงืœืคื™ื•ืก, ืืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
00:16
And if pain continued,
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ื•ืื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš,
00:18
a medical practitioner would perform the best-known remedyโ€”
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ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข --
00:21
drilling a small hole in the skull to drain supposedly infected blood.
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ืงื“ื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื– ืืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืข ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
00:28
This dire technique, called trepanation,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื˜ืจืคื ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
00:31
often replaced the headache with a more permanent condition.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
00:35
Fortunately, doctors today donโ€™t resort to power tools to cure headaches.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ.
00:40
But we still have a lot to learn about this ancient ailment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
00:45
Today, weโ€™ve classified headaches into two campsโ€”
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช -
00:48
primary headaches
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:49
and secondary headaches.
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ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื.
00:50
The former are not symptomatic of an underlying disease, injury, or condition;
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ืคืฆื™ืขื”, ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ.
00:55
they are the condition.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื‘.
00:57
But weโ€™ll come back to them in a minute
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜
00:59
because while primary headaches account for 50% of reported cases,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื 50% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื,
01:03
we actually know much more about secondary headaches.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:07
These are caused by other health problems,
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ืืœื” ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:10
with triggers ranging from dehydration and caffeine withdrawal
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ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื” ืžืงืคืื™ืŸ
01:14
to head and neck injury,
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ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืืจ,
01:15
and heart disease.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
01:17
Doctors have classified over 150 diagnosable types,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืงื˜ืœื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 150 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ,
01:22
all with different potential causes, symptoms, and treatments.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:27
But weโ€™ll take just one common case โ€”a sinus infectionโ€”as an example.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ืžืงืจื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืื—ื“ -- ื“ืœืงืช ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื -- ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:31
The sinuses are a system of cavities
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ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื
01:34
that spread behind our foreheads, noses, and upper cheeks.
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ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื—, ื”ืืฃ, ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:39
When our sinuses are infected,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื,
01:40
our immune response heats up the area,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
01:43
roasting the bacteria and inflaming the cavities well past their usual size.
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ืฆื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:49
The engorged sinuses put pressure on the cranial arteries and veins,
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ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™ื™ื,
01:54
as well as muscles in the neck and head.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ.
01:57
Their pain receptors, called nociceptors, trigger in response,
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
02:01
cueing the brain to release a flood of neuropeptides
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ืžืกืจ ืœืžื•ื— ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื
02:05
that inflame the cranial blood vessels, swelling and heating up the head.
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ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ืžื ืคื—ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
02:10
This discomfort, paired with hyper-sensitive head muscles,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™,
02:13
creates the sore, throbbing pain of a headache.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ื”ืคื•ืขื ื‘ืจืืฉ.
02:18
Not all headache pain comes from swelling.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช.
02:20
Tense muscles and inflamed, sensitive nerves
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:23
cause varying degrees of discomfort in each headache.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ.
02:27
But all cases are reactions to some cranial irritant.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™ื™ื.
02:32
While the cause is clear in secondary headaches,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื,
02:34
the origins of primary headaches remain unknown.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
02:39
Scientists are still investigating potential triggers
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
02:41
for the three types of primary headaches:
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
02:44
recurring, long-lasting migraines;
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ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช,
02:46
intensely painful, rapid-fire cluster headaches;
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
02:50
and, most common of all, the tension headache.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื.
02:53
As the name suggests,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืฉื,
02:55
tension headaches are known for creating the sensation
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ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
02:58
of a tight band squeezed around the head.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ื—ื–ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ.
03:02
These headaches increase the tenderness of the pericranial muscles,
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉ,
03:05
which then painfully pulse with blood and oxygen.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืขื ื“ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:09
Patients report stress, dehydration, and hormone changes as triggers,
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ, ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
03:14
but these donโ€™t fit the symptoms quite right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
03:17
For example, in dehydration headaches,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
03:20
the frontal lobe actually shrinks away from the skull,
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ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
03:23
creating forehead swelling
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื—
03:25
that doesnโ€™t match the location of the pain in tension headaches.
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ืฉืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืœื—ืฅ.
03:29
Scientists have theories for what the actual cause is,
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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
03:32
ranging from spasming blood vessels
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ืฉื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื
03:34
to overly sensitive nociceptors,
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ืœื ื•ืกื™ืกืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™,
03:37
but no one knows for sure.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:39
Meanwhile, most headache research is focused on more severe primary headaches.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:45
Migraines are recurring headaches, which create a vise-like sensation on the skull
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ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืžืœื—ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
03:50
that can last from four hours to three days.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืžืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
03:53
In 20% of cases, these attacks are intense enough
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ื‘ 20% ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:57
to overload the brain with electrical energy,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
04:00
which hyper-excites sensory nerve endings.
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ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
04:03
This produces hallucinations called auras,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
04:06
which can include seeing flashing lights
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื
04:08
and geometric patterns and experiencing tingling sensations.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืงืฆื•ืฅ.
04:13
Cluster headaches, another primary headache type,
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™,
04:16
cause burning, stabbing bursts of pain behind one eye,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืจืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช,
04:20
leading to a red eye, constricted pupil, and drooping eyelid.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืขืคืขืฃ ืฆื•ื ื—.
04:25
What can be done about these conditions,
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:28
which dramatically affect many peopleโ€™s quality of life?
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื?
04:31
Tension headaches and most secondary cases
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ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื
04:34
can be treated with over-the-counter pain medications,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืจืฉื,
04:37
such as anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce cranial swelling.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื™.
04:41
And many secondary headache triggers,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื,
04:43
like dehydration,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
04:44
eye strain,
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ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:45
and stress,
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ,
04:47
can be proactively avoided.
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ืžื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ.
04:49
Migraines and cluster headaches are more complicated,
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ืžื™ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื,
04:51
and we havenโ€™t yet discovered reliable treatments that work for everyone.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
04:56
But thankfully, pharmacologists and neurologists are hard at work
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืคืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื”
05:00
cracking these pressing mysteries that weigh so heavily on our minds.
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ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ืจืืฉื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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