Did Shakespeare write his plays? - Natalya St. Clair and Aaron Williams

Da li je Šekspir napisao svoja dela? - Natalija Sent Kler i Eron Vilijams

Prevodilac: Anja Saric Lektor: Mile Živković

"Some are born great,

"Neki se rode veliki,

some achieve greatness,

neki dostignu veličinu,

and others have greatness thrust upon them", quoth William Shakespeare.

a nekima je veličina nametnuta", reče Vilijam Šekspir.

Or did he?

Ali da li je?

Some people question whether Shakespeare really wrote the works that bear his name,

Neki dovode u pitanje da li je Šekspir zaista napisao dela koja nose njegovo ime,

or whether he even existed at all.

ili da li je on uopšte postojao.

They speculate that Shakespeare was a pseudonym for another writer,

Spekuliše se da je Šekspir pseudonim drugog pisca,

or a group of writers.

ili grupe pisaca.

Proposed candidates for the real Shakespeare

Predloženi kandidati za ulogu pravog Šekspira

include other famous playwrights, politicians and even some prominent women.

uključuju druge poznate pisce, političare, pa čak i neke istaknute žene.

Could it be true that the greatest writer in the English language

Može li biti da je najveći pisac engleskog govornog područja

was as fictional as his plays?

fiktivan koliko i njegova dela?

Most Shakespeare scholars dismiss these theories

Većina naučnika koji izučavaju Šekpira odbacuje ove teorije

based on historical and biographical evidence.

zbog istorijskih i biografskih dokaza.

But there is another way to test whether Shakespeare's famous lines

Ali postoji još jedan način da se proveri da li je poznate Šekspirove reči

were actually written by someone else.

zapravo napisao neko drugi.

Linguistics, the study of language,

Lingvistka, nauka o jeziku,

can tell us a great deal about the way we speak and write

može nam reći puno toga o načinu na koji pričamo ili pišemo

by examining syntax, grammar, semantics and vocabulary.

izučavanjem sintakse, gramatike, semantike i vokabulara.

And in the late 1800s,

U kasnim 1800tim godinama

a Polish philosopher named Wincenty Lutosławski

poljski filozof Vinsenti Lutoslavski

formalized a method known as stylometry,

formalizovao je metod poznat kao stilometrija,

applying this knowledge to investigate questions of literary authorship.

i primenio ga kako bi istražio pitanja u vezi sa književnim autorstvom.

So how does stylometry work?

Dakle, kako funkcioniše stilometrija?

The idea is that each writer's style has certain characteristics

Ideja je da stil svakog pisca ima određene karakteristike

that remain fairly uniform among individual works.

koje ostaju veoma ujednačene u svim delima tog pisca.

Examples of characteristics include average sentence length,

Primeri ovih karakteristika ukjlučuju prosečnu dužinu rečenice,

the arrangement of words,

red reči,

and even the number of occurrences of a particular word.

pa čak i broj ponavljanja određene reči.

Let's look at use of the word thee and visualize it as a dimension, or axis.

Hajde da pogledamo upotrebu reči "ti" i da je vizualizujemo kao dimenziju ili osu.

Each of Shakespeare's works can be placed on that axis,

Svako od Šekspirovih dela može se smestiti na tu osu

like a data point, based on the number of occurrences of that word.

kao podatak na osnovu broja ponavljanja te reči.

In statistics, the tightness of these points

U statistici, blizina ovih tačaka daje

gives us what is known as the variance, an expected range for our data.

ono što nam je poznato kao varijacija, očekivani domet naših podataka.

But, this is only a single characteristic in a very high-dimensional space.

Ali, ovo je samo jedna karakteristika u veoma visoko-dimenzionalnom prostoru.

With a clustering tool called Principal Component Analysis,

Sa grupišućom alatkom, zvanom analiza principalnih komponenti,

we can reduce the multidimensional space into simple principal components

možemo smanjiti multidimenzionalni prostor na jednostavne principalne komponente

that collectively measure the variance in Shakespeare's works.

koje kolektivno mere varijacije u Šekspirovim delima.

We can then test the works of our candidates

Onda možemo da testiramo dela naših kandidata

against those principal components.

na osnovu tih principalnih komponenti.

For example,

Na primer,

if enough works of Francis Bacon fall within the Shakespearean variance,

ako se dovoljan broj dela Frensisa Bejkona poklapa sa Šekspirovom varijacijom,

that would be pretty strong evidence

to bi bio veoma jak dokaz

that Francis Bacon and Shakespeare are actually the same person.

da su Frensis Bejkon i Šekspir u stvari ista osoba.

What did the results show?

Šta su rezultati pokazali?

Well, the stylometrists who carried this out have concluded

Pa, stilometristi koji su ovo ispitali zaključili su

that Shakespeare is none other than Shakespeare.

da je Šekspir zapravo Šekspir.

The Bard is the Bard.

Bard je Bard.

The pretender's works just don't match up with Shakespeare's signature style.

Dela pozera se jednostavno ne poklapaju sa Šekspirovim prepoznatljivim stilom.

However, our intrepid statisticians did find

Međutim, naši neustrašivi statističari pronašli su

some compelling evidence of collaborations.

neke vrlo čvrste dokaze o saradnji.

For instance, one recent study concluded

Na primer, jedna skorašnja studija zaključila je

that Shakespeare worked with playwright Christopher Marlowe on "Henry VI,"

da je Šekspir radio sa piscem Kristoferom Marloom

parts one and two.

na oba dela "Henrija VI".

Shakespeare's identity is only one of the many problems stylometry can resolve.

Šekspirov identitet je samo jedan od problema koje silometrija može da reši.

It can help us determine when a work was written,

Može nam pomoći da utvrdimo kada je delo napisano,

whether an ancient text is a forgery,

da li je antički tekst falsifikat,

whether a student has committed plagiarism,

da li je student plagirao rad,

or if that email you just received is of a high priority or spam.

ili da li je mejl koji ste upravo primili visokog prioriteta ili je spem.

And does the timeless poetry of Shakespeare's lines

I da li se Šekspirova vanvremenska poezija

just boil down to numbers and statistics?

svodi na brojeve i statistiku?

Not quite.

Ne baš.

Stylometric analysis may reveal what makes Shakespeare's works structurally distinct,

Stilometrička analiza može razotkriti šta Šekspirova dela čini strukturalno posebnim

but it cannot capture the beauty of the sentiments and emotions they express,

ali ne može da uhvati lepotu osećanja i emocija koje ona izražava,

or why they affect us the way they do.

ili zašto nas pogađa na način na koji nas pogađa.

At least, not yet.

Bar ne još uvek.