Did Shakespeare write his plays? - Natalya St. Clair and Aaron Williams

Je li Shakespeare napisao svoje drame?- Natalya St. Clair i Aaron Williams

Prevoditelj: Petra Štiglić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

"Some are born great,

"Neki su rođeni veliki,

some achieve greatness,

neki stiču veličinu,

and others have greatness thrust upon them", quoth William Shakespeare.

a nekima veličina pada s neba"-rekao je Wiliam Shakespeare

Or did he?

Ili možda nije?

Some people question whether Shakespeare really wrote the works that bear his name,

Neki ljudi sumnjaju da je napisao sve svoje drame

ili da je uopće postojao.

Nagađaju da je Shakesperare pseudonim drugog autora

or whether he even existed at all.

ili grupe autora

They speculate that Shakespeare was a pseudonym for another writer,

Kandidati za pravog Shakespearea

or a group of writers.

su drugi slavni dramatičari, političari, čak i neke istaknute žene

Proposed candidates for the real Shakespeare

Je li moguce da je najveći engleski pisac

include other famous playwrights, politicians and even some prominent women.

fikcija baš kao i njegove drame?

Could it be true that the greatest writer in the English language

Večina stručnjaka koji poučavaju Shakespearea odbacuju tu teoriju

was as fictional as his plays?

zbog povijesnih i biografskih podataka

Most Shakespeare scholars dismiss these theories

Ali postoj još jedan način da provjerimo je li Shakespeareove slavne stihove

based on historical and biographical evidence.

zapravo napisao netko drugi.

But there is another way to test whether Shakespeare's famous lines

Lingvistika,znanost o jeziku

were actually written by someone else.

može nam otkriti mnogo o tome kako govorimo i pišemo

Linguistics, the study of language,

proučavajuči sintaksu, gramatiku, semantiku i vokabular.

can tell us a great deal about the way we speak and write

A u kasnim 1880-im

by examining syntax, grammar, semantics and vocabulary.

poljski filozof Wincenty Lutosławski

And in the late 1800s,

formirao metodu poznatu kao stilometrija

a Polish philosopher named Wincenty Lutosławski

koristeći to znanje za proučavanja pitanja autorstva

formalized a method known as stylometry,

Ali kako stilometrija funkcionira?

applying this knowledge to investigate questions of literary authorship.

Glavna misao da stil svakog pisca ima određene karakteristike

So how does stylometry work?

koje ostaju jednake u njegovim pojedinim djelima

The idea is that each writer's style has certain characteristics

na primjer prosječnu duljinu rečenice

that remain fairly uniform among individual works.

način kombiniranja riječi

Examples of characteristics include average sentence length,

čak i broj pojavljivanja pojedine riječi

the arrangement of words,

Pogledajmo uporabu riječi tebe i vizualizirajmo ju kao dimenziju ili os

and even the number of occurrences of a particular word.

Svako od Shakespeareovih djela može biti smješteno na tu os

Let's look at use of the word thee and visualize it as a dimension, or axis.

kao pojedini podatak s obzirom na broj pojavljivanja te riječi

Each of Shakespeare's works can be placed on that axis,

Statistički razmak između tih točaka

like a data point, based on the number of occurrences of that word.

pokazuje nam varijabilnost, očekivan raspon između podataka

In statistics, the tightness of these points

Ali to je samo jedna karakteristika u visoko dimenzionalnom prostoru

gives us what is known as the variance, an expected range for our data.

Sa alatom zvanim Analiza glavnih komponenti

But, this is only a single characteristic in a very high-dimensional space.

možemo svesti višedimenzionalni prostor na jednostavne glavne komponente

With a clustering tool called Principal Component Analysis,

koje zajednički mjere varijabilnost u Shakespeareovim djelima

we can reduce the multidimensional space into simple principal components

Možemo testirati djela naših kandidata

that collectively measure the variance in Shakespeare's works.

u odnosu na te glavne komponente

We can then test the works of our candidates

Na primjer

against those principal components.

ako je dovoljno djela Francisa Bacona unutar Shakespeareovih varijabli

For example,

to bi bio poprilično jak dokaz

if enough works of Francis Bacon fall within the Shakespearean variance,

da su Francis Bacon i Shakespeare zapravo ista osoba.

that would be pretty strong evidence

Što su rezultati pokazali?

that Francis Bacon and Shakespeare are actually the same person.

Stilometristi koji su proveli ovo istraživanje zaključili su

What did the results show?

da Shakespeare nije nitko drugi nego Shakespeare

Well, the stylometrists who carried this out have concluded

Pjesnik je Pjesnik.

that Shakespeare is none other than Shakespeare.

Djela pretendenata ne poklapaju se sa Shakespeareovim stilom.

The Bard is the Bard.

Ipak naši statističari su pronašli

The pretender's works just don't match up with Shakespeare's signature style.

neke uvjerljive doikaze o suradnji.

However, our intrepid statisticians did find

Na primjer, nedavno istraživanje je zaključilo

some compelling evidence of collaborations.

da je Shakespeare surađivao s dramatičarem Christopherom Marloweom na

For instance, one recent study concluded

prvom i drugom dijelu Henrija VI.

that Shakespeare worked with playwright Christopher Marlowe on "Henry VI,"

Shakespeareov identitet je jedna od mnogih zagonetki koje stilometrija može rješiti.

parts one and two.

Može nam pomoći odrediti kad je tekst napisan,

Shakespeare's identity is only one of the many problems stylometry can resolve.

je li drevni tekst krivotvorina,

It can help us determine when a work was written,

je li student plagirao,

whether an ancient text is a forgery,

ili je li e- mail koji ste upravo primili nešto važno ili neželjena pošta.

whether a student has committed plagiarism,

Mogu li se bezvremenski Shakespeareovi stihovi

or if that email you just received is of a high priority or spam.

svesti na brojeve i statistiku?

And does the timeless poetry of Shakespeare's lines

Ne baš.

just boil down to numbers and statistics?

Stilometrijska analiza može otkriti kakva je struktura Shakespearovih djela

Not quite.

Stylometric analysis may reveal what makes Shakespeare's works structurally distinct,

but it cannot capture the beauty of the sentiments and emotions they express,

ali ne može objasniti ljepotu i emocije koje izražavaju

or why they affect us the way they do.

ni zašto na nas tako utječu.

At least, not yet.

Barem ne još.