Did Shakespeare write his plays? - Natalya St. Clair and Aaron Williams

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov Reviewer: Azizbek Nazarov

"Some are born great,

"Kimlardir buyuk bo'lib tug'iladi,

some achieve greatness,

kimlardir buyuklikka erishadi,

and others have greatness thrust upon them", quoth William Shakespeare.

boshqalarga esa bu taqdim etiladi" — Uilyam Shekspir

Or did he?

Yoki bu uning so'zlarimasmi?

Some people question whether Shakespeare really wrote the works that bear his name,

Ba'zilar Shekspir asarlarni o'zi ozganligi borasida shubhalanishadi.

or whether he even existed at all.

Ba'zilar hattoki uning yashaganligiga shubha bilan qilishadi.

They speculate that Shakespeare was a pseudonym for another writer,

Ularning fikricha, Shekspir bu boshqa bir yozuvchining tahallusi,

or a group of writers.

yoki bir guruh yozuvchilardir.

Proposed candidates for the real Shakespeare

Bu nomga kandidatlar orasida esa

include other famous playwrights, politicians and even some prominent women.

ko'plab mashhur dramaturglar, siyosatchilar va bir necha ayollar bor.

Could it be true that the greatest writer in the English language

Buyuk ingliz yozuvchisi o'z asarlariga o'xshab

was as fictional as his plays?

o'ylab topilgan bo'lishi mumkinmi?

Most Shakespeare scholars dismiss these theories

Ko'pchilik shekspirchilar bu teoriyalarni inkor etadi,

based on historical and biographical evidence.

tarixiy va biografik ma'lumotlarga asoslangan holda.

But there is another way to test whether Shakespeare's famous lines

Lekin shekspircha parchalarni rostan ham boshqa yozuvchilar yozgan-yozmaganligini

were actually written by someone else.

aniqlashning boshqa bir yo'li ham bor.

Linguistics, the study of language,

Lingvistika bu til haqidagi fan, bizga qanday

can tell us a great deal about the way we speak and write

muloqot qilishimiz, yozishimiz haqida ko'p ma'lumot berishi mumkin.

by examining syntax, grammar, semantics and vocabulary.

Sintaksis, grammatika, semantika va leksika yordamida.

And in the late 1800s,

XIX asr oxirida

a Polish philosopher named Wincenty Lutosławski

polyak faylasufi Vinsenti Lyutoslavskiy stilometriya deb

formalized a method known as stylometry,

nomlanadigan mashhur metodni ishlab chiqadi, va

applying this knowledge to investigate questions of literary authorship.

uni adabiyotda mualliflik huquqi bo'yicha muammolarni hal qilish uchun qo'llaydi.

So how does stylometry work?

Stilometriyaning asl mazmuni nimada?

The idea is that each writer's style has certain characteristics

Uning g'oyasi shundaki, har bir muallifni o'z uslubi, ajralib turadigan jihati bor

that remain fairly uniform among individual works.

va ularni bitta muallifning alohida asarlarida ham kuzatish mumkin.

Examples of characteristics include average sentence length,

Masalan, gapning o'rtacha uzunligi, davomiyligi,

the arrangement of words,

so'zlar joylashuvi

and even the number of occurrences of a particular word.

va hattoki aniq bir so'zlarning ishlatilish chastotasi.

Let's look at use of the word thee and visualize it as a dimension, or axis.

Misol uchun, "sen" olmoshini olsak, va uni markaz, o'q deb tasavvur qilsak.

Each of Shakespeare's works can be placed on that axis,

Shekspirning har bir asarini bu o'qning ishlatilish

like a data point, based on the number of occurrences of that word.

chastotasidan kelib chiqqan holda belgilab chiqish mumkin.

In statistics, the tightness of these points

Statistikada bunday o'qlarning yig'ilishi

gives us what is known as the variance, an expected range for our data.

bizga dispersiya deb ataluvchi

ehtimolli ma'lumotlar diapazonini beradi.

But, this is only a single characteristic in a very high-dimensional space.

Lekin bu xali hammasi emas.

Jarayon juda chuqur analizni taqazo etadi.

With a clustering tool called Principal Component Analysis,

Bunday guruhlashtirish metodi ya'ni asosiy

qismlarni analiz qilish

we can reduce the multidimensional space into simple principal components

yordamida biz oddiy qismlar bilan birikadigan katta hajmdagi

ma'lumotlarni birlashitirishimiz mumkin,

that collectively measure the variance in Shakespeare's works.

bularning barchasi esa Shekspirning ishlarida dispersiyani tashkil etadi.

We can then test the works of our candidates

Biz kandidatlarimiz asarlarini tekshirishimiz mumkin.

against those principal components.

Yuqoridagi komponentlar bo'yicha,

For example,

masalan,

agar Frensis Bekonning ko'pchilik asarlari

if enough works of Francis Bacon fall within the Shakespearean variance,

shekspircha dispersiyaga yaqin kelsa,

that would be pretty strong evidence

bu Frensis Bekon va Uilyam Shekspir

that Francis Bacon and Shakespeare are actually the same person.

aslida bitta inson deyish uchun asosli bo'lar edi.

What did the results show?

Natijalar nimani ko'rsatdi?

Well, the stylometrists who carried this out have concluded

Tadqiqot olib borgan stilometristlar, aniqlashdiki,

that Shakespeare is none other than Shakespeare.

Shekspir boshqa bir inson emas.

The Bard is the Bard.

Daho — daholigicha qoldi.

The pretender's works just don't match up with Shakespeare's signature style.

Kandidatlarning uslubi Shekspirning maxsus stiliga yaqin ham kelgani yo'q.

However, our intrepid statisticians did find

Undan tashqari, statistiklar shuni aniqlashdiki,

some compelling evidence of collaborations.

birga qilingan ishlar ham bo'lgan.

For instance, one recent study concluded

Masalan, yaqinda bitta tadqiqot shuni

that Shakespeare worked with playwright Christopher Marlowe on "Henry VI,"

ko'rsatdiki, Shekspir dramaturg Kristofer Marlo bilan birga ishlagan,

parts one and two.

aniqrog'i, "Genrix VI" pyesasining I-II qismlarida.

Shakespeare's identity is only one of the many problems stylometry can resolve.

Shekspir shaxsi esa stilometriya hal qila oladigan

ko'pchilik savollardan bittasidir.

It can help us determine when a work was written,

U asarning qachon yozilgan ekanligini aniqlay oladi.

whether an ancient text is a forgery,

Yoki soxta yoki soxta emasligini,

plagiat bo'lgan bo'lmaganligini, hozir siz

whether a student has committed plagiarism,

or if that email you just received is of a high priority or spam.

qabul qilgan e-mail muhimlik darajasini yoki spam emasligini aniqlay oladi.

Shekspirning abadiy poeziyasi faqat sonlar

And does the timeless poetry of Shakespeare's lines

just boil down to numbers and statistics?

va statistikaga bog'liq bo'lib qoladimi?

Not quite.

Unchalik emas.

Stylometric analysis may reveal what makes Shakespeare's works structurally distinct,

Stilometrik analiz shuni ko'rsatishi

mumkinki, Shekspir asarlarini aynan nima nodir asar qiladi,

but it cannot capture the beauty of the sentiments and emotions they express,

lekin u tuyg'u va hissiyotlarning go'zalligini yoki

or why they affect us the way they do.

ular nega bizga ta'sir etishi faktini o'rnatib bera olmaydi.

At least, not yet.

U buni uddalay olmaydi.