How did Dracula become the world's most famous vampire? - Stanley Stepanic

Kako je Drakula postao najčuveniji vampir na svetu? - Stenli Stepanik (Stanley Stepanic)

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

How did Dracula become the world's most famous vampire?

Kako je Drakula postao najčuveniji vampir na svetu?

More than 100 years after his creator was laid to rest,

Više od 100 godina nakon što je njegov tvorac upokojen,

Dracula lives on as the most famous vampire in history.

Drakula živi kao najčuveniji vampir u istoriji.

But this Transylvanian noble,

Međutim, ovaj transilvanijski plemić,

neither the first fictional vampire nor the most popular of his time,

niti prvi fiktivni vampir, niti najpopularniji u svom vremenu,

may have remained buried in obscurity if not for a twist of fate.

bi možda ostao da počiva u zaboravu da nije bilo sudbonosnog preokreta.

Dracula's first appearance was in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel of the same name.

Drakula se prvi put pojavljuje u istoimenom romanu Brema Stokera iz 1897.

But that was far from the beginning of vampire myths.

Međutim, to nije ni blizu začetku mitova o vampirima.

Blood-sucking monsters had already been part of folklore for at least 800 years.

Krvožedna čudovišta su već bila deo folklora bar 800 godina.

It was Slavic folklore that gave us the word vampire,

Slovenski folklor nam je podario reč "vampir"

or "upir" in Old Russian.

ili "upir" na staroruskom.

The term's first known written mention comes from the 11th century.

Prvo poznato zabeleženo pominjanje termina potiče iz XI veka.

Vampire lore in the region predated Christianity's arrival

Učenje o vampirima je prethodilo dolasku hrišćana

and persisted despite the church's efforts to eliminate pagan beliefs.

i opstalo je uprkos naporima crkve da eliminiše paganska verovanja.

Stories of vampires originated from misinterpretations of diseases,

Priče o vampirima potiču od pogrešnog shvatanja bolesti,

such as rabies,

poput besnila

and pellagra,

i pelagre,

and decomposition.

kao i raspadanja.

In the case of the latter, gasses swelling the body and blood oozing from the mouth

U slučaju raspadanja, telo koje otiče zbog gasova i krv koja curi iz usta

could make a corpse look like it had recently been alive and feeding.

su mogli da uzrokuju da leš izgleda kao da je nedavno bio živ i hranio se.

Vampires were describe as bloated with overgrown teeth and nails.

Vampire su opisivali kao natečene, sa dugačkim zubima i noktima.

This gave rise to many rituals intended to prevent the dead from rising,

Ovo je uzrkovalo nastanak mnogih rituala koji su sprečavali mrtve da ustanu,

such as burying bodies with garlic or poppyseeds,

poput sahranjivanja tela sa belim lukom ili semenom maka,

as well as having them staked,

kao i nabijanja na kolac,

burned,

paljenja

or mutilated.

ili kasapljenja.

Vampire lore remained a local phenomenon until the 18th century

Verovanje u vampire je ostalo lokalna pojava sve do XVIII veka

when Serbia was caught in the struggle between two great powers,

kada se Srbija zatekla u sukobu između dve velike sile,

the Habsburg Monarchy

Habsburške monarhije

and Ottoman Empire.

i Otomanskog carstva.

Austrian soldiers and government officials observed and documented

Austrijski vojnici i vladini zvaničnici su posmatrali i zabeležili

the strange local burial rituals,

čudne lokalne rituale sahranjivanja,

and their reports became widely publicized.

a njihovi izveštaji su naširoko objavljivani.

The resulting vampire hysteria got so out of hand that in 1755,

Pomama za vampirima se toliko otrgla kontroli da je 1755.

the Austrian Empress was forced to dispatch her personal physician.

austrijska carica bila prinuđena da pošalje svog ličnog fizijatra.

He investigated and put an end to the rumors

Istražio je i okončao tračeve,

by publishing a thorough, scientific refutation.

objavivši iscrpno, naučno opovrgavanje.

The panic subsided, but the vampire had already taken root

Panika se slegla, ali vampiri su već pustili korenje

in Western Europe's imagination,

u mašti Zapadne Evrope,

spawning works like "The Vampyre" in 1819,

iznedrivši dela, poput "Vampira" iz 1819.

and Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's "Carmilla" in 1872.

i "Carmile" Džozefa Šeridana le Fanua iz 1872.

Ova knjiga će imati veliki uticaj

This book would greatly influence a young Irish drama critic named Bram Stoker.

na mladog irskog dramskog kritičara po imenu Brem Stoker.

Stoker, who was born in Dublin in 1847,

Stoker, rođen u Dablinu 1847,

was famously bedridden with an unknown illness until the age of seven.

poznato je da je do sedme godine bio vezan za krevet zbog nepoznate bolesti.

During that time, his mother told him folktales

Tokom tog vremena, majka mu je pričala narodne priče

and true tales of horror,

i istinite priče strave i užasa,

including her experiences during an outbreak of cholera in 1832.

poput onih o njenom iskustvu tokom epidemije kolere iz 1832.

There, she described victims buried alive in mass graves.

Opisivala je kako su u masovne grobnice sahranjivali žive žrtve.

Kasnije tokom života, Stoker će da piše fantazije, romanse, avanturističke priče

Later in his life, Stoker went on to write fantasy, romance, adventure stories,

and, in 1897, "Dracula."

a 1897. je napisao "Drakulu".

Although the book's main villain and namesake

Iako se istoimeni glavni negativac iz knjige

is thought to be based on the historical figure of Vlad III Dracula,

smatra da je zasnovan na istorijskoj ličnosti Vladu III Drakuli

or Vlad the Impaler,

ili Vladu Nabijaču,

the association is mostly just that they share a name.

asocijacija je ponajviše u zajedničkom imenu.

Other elements and characters were inspired directly and indirectly

Drugi elementi i likovi su direktno ili indirektno inspirisani

by various works in the Victorian Era,

raznim delima iz viktorijanskog razdoblja,

such as "The Mysterious Stranger."

poput "Tajanstvenog stranca".

The novel, upon release, was only a moderate success in its day,

Roman je svojevremeno po objavljivanju imao tek skroman uspeh,

nor was it even Stoker's most well-known work,

nije čak bio ni Stokerovo najpoznatije delo,

mentioned only briefly in a 1912 obituary.

tek je ovlaš pomenuto u čitulji iz 1912.

But a critical copyright battle would completely change Dracula's fate,

Međutim, ključna borba oko autorskih prava će u potpnosti da izmeni sudbinu Drakule

and catapult the character into literary renown.

i katapultiraće ovog lika u književnu slavu.

In 1922, a German studio adapted the novel into the now classic silent film "Nosferatu"

Godine 1922. nemački studio

je adaptirao roman u, sada klasični, nemi film "Nosferatu"

without paying royalties.

bez plaćanja tantijema.

Despite changes in character names and minor plot points,

Uprkos izmenama imena likova i manjih korekcija zapleta,

the parallels were obvious, and the studio was sued into bankruptcy.

paralele su bile očigledne i studio je bankrotirao zbog tužbe.

To prevent more plagiarism attempts,

Da bi sprečila dalje pokušaje plagiranja,

Stoker's widow decided to establish copyright

Stokerova udovica je odlučila da utvrdi autorska prava

over the stage version of "Dracula"

za pozorišne verzije "Drakule"

by approving a production by family-friend Hamilton Deane.

odobrivši produkciju koju je radio porodični prijatelj Hamilton Din.

Although Deane's adaptation made drastic cuts to the story,

Iako je Dinova adaptacija drastično skratila priču,

it became a classic,

postala je klasik,

thanks largely to Bela Lugosi's performance on Broadway.

uglavnom zahvaljujući brodvejskoj izvedbi Bele Lugosija.

Lugosi would go on to star in the 1931 film version by Universal,

Lugosi je bio zvezda Univerzalove filmske verzije iz 1931,

lending the character many of his signature characteristics.

pozajmivši liku mnoge prepoznatljive karakteristike.

And since then, Dracula has risen again in countless adaptations,

A od tad, Drakula je iznova oživljavao u bezbrojnim adaptacijama,

finding eternal life far beyond the humble pages of his birth.

pronalazeći večni život mimo skromnih stranica svog rođenja.