How did Dracula become the world's most famous vampire? - Stanley Stepanic

Prevoditelj: Petra Lauš Recezent: Sanda L

How did Dracula become the world's most famous vampire?

Kako je Drakula postao najpoznatiji svjetski vampir?

More than 100 years after his creator was laid to rest,

Više od 100 godina nakon što je njegov tvorac pokopan,

Dracula lives on as the most famous vampire in history.

Drakula živi dalje kao najpoznatiji vampir u povijesti.

Ali ovaj plemić iz Transilvanije,

But this Transylvanian noble,

neither the first fictional vampire nor the most popular of his time,

ni prvi izmišljeni vampir, ni najpoznatiji svoga vremena,

may have remained buried in obscurity if not for a twist of fate.

mogao je ostati nepoznat da nije bilo prsta sudbine.

Dracula's first appearance was in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel of the same name.

Drakula se prvi put pojavio 1897. u romanu Brama Stokera pod istim nazivom.

But that was far from the beginning of vampire myths.

Ali to je bilo daleko od početka mitova o vampirima.

Blood-sucking monsters had already been part of folklore for at least 800 years.

Čudovišta koja piju krv već su bila dio folklora barem 800 godina.

It was Slavic folklore that gave us the word vampire,

Slavenski folklor dao je riječ vampir,

or "upir" in Old Russian.

ili "upir" u staroruskom.

The term's first known written mention comes from the 11th century.

Prvi poznati zapis te riječi potiče iz 11. stoljeća.

Vampire lore in the region predated Christianity's arrival

Priče o vampirima u toj regiji datiraju iz vremena prije dolaska kršćanstva

and persisted despite the church's efforts to eliminate pagan beliefs.

i održale su se usprkos trudu Crkve da ukloni poganska vjerovanja.

Stories of vampires originated from misinterpretations of diseases,

Priče o vampirima potekle su od pogrešnih interpretacija bolesti,

such as rabies,

kao što je bjesnoća,

and pellagra,

pelagra

and decomposition.

i raspadanje.

In the case of the latter, gasses swelling the body and blood oozing from the mouth

U slučaju potonjeg, zbog plinova koji napuhuju tijelo i krvi koja curi iz usta

could make a corpse look like it had recently been alive and feeding.

leš je mogao izgledati kao da je nedavno bio živ i hranio se.

Vampires were describe as bloated with overgrown teeth and nails.

Vampire su opisivali kao napuhnute s dugim zubima i noktima.

Zbog toga se pojavilo mnogo obreda s namjerom da se spriječi da mrtvi ustanu,

This gave rise to many rituals intended to prevent the dead from rising,

such as burying bodies with garlic or poppyseeds,

kao što je pokapanje tijela s češnjakom ili zrnima maka,

as well as having them staked,

kao i to da se tijelo probadalo,

burned,

spaljivalo

or mutilated.

ili sakatilo.

Priče o vampirima ostale su lokalni fenomen do 18. stoljeća,

Vampire lore remained a local phenomenon until the 18th century

when Serbia was caught in the struggle between two great powers,

kada se Srbija našla u ratu između dviju velikih snaga,

the Habsburg Monarchy

Habsburške Monarhije

and Ottoman Empire.

i Osmanskog Carstva.

Austrian soldiers and government officials observed and documented

Austrijski vojnici i službenici promatrali su i dokumentirali

the strange local burial rituals,

neobične lokalne obrede pokapanja,

and their reports became widely publicized.

i njihovi su izvještaji bili objavljeni svugdje.

The resulting vampire hysteria got so out of hand that in 1755,

To je rezultiralo histerijom radi vampira koja je tako izmakla kontroli da je 1755.

the Austrian Empress was forced to dispatch her personal physician.

austrijska carica bila prisiljena poslati svog osobnog liječnika.

He investigated and put an end to the rumors

On je istražio i stao na kraj glasinama

by publishing a thorough, scientific refutation.

objavivši dokument s detaljnim znanstvenim pobijanjem.

Panika se stišala, ali priče o vampiru već su se ukorijenile

The panic subsided, but the vampire had already taken root

in Western Europe's imagination,

u mašti Zapadne Europe,

spawning works like "The Vampyre" in 1819,

rezultirajući djelima kao što je "Vampir" iz 1819.,

and Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's "Carmilla" in 1872.

i "Carmilla" Josepha Sheridana Le Fanua iz 1872.

Ova će knjiga jako utjecati na mladog irskog dramskog kritičara Brama Stokera.

This book would greatly influence a young Irish drama critic named Bram Stoker.

Stoker, who was born in Dublin in 1847,

Poznato je da je Stoker, koji je rođen u Dublinu 1847.,

was famously bedridden with an unknown illness until the age of seven.

ležao u krevetu zbog nepoznate bolesti do dobi od sedam godina.

During that time, his mother told him folktales

Tijekom tog vremena, majka mu je pričala narodne priče

and true tales of horror,

i stvarne horor priče,

including her experiences during an outbreak of cholera in 1832.

uključujući njezina iskustva tijekom izbijanja kolere 1832.

There, she described victims buried alive in mass graves.

Opisivala je žrtve žive pokopane u masovnim grobnicama.

Later in his life, Stoker went on to write fantasy, romance, adventure stories,

Kasnije u životu Stoker je pisao fantastične, romantične i pustolovne priče,

and, in 1897, "Dracula."

a 1897. napisao je "Drakulu".

Although the book's main villain and namesake

Iako se misli da je glavni zlikovac romana i imenjak

is thought to be based on the historical figure of Vlad III Dracula,

temeljen na povijesnoj ličnosti Vlada III. Drakule,

or Vlad the Impaler,

ili Vlada Nabijača,

the association is mostly just that they share a name.

poveznica je većinom samo ta da dijele ime.

Inspiracija za ostale elemente i likove došla je izravno i neizravno

Other elements and characters were inspired directly and indirectly

by various works in the Victorian Era,

iz raznih dijela viktorijanskog doba,

such as "The Mysterious Stranger."

kao što je "Tajanstveni stranac".

The novel, upon release, was only a moderate success in its day,

Roman je po izdavanju postigao samo osrednji uspjeh,

nor was it even Stoker's most well-known work,

nije čak ni bio Stokerovo najpoznatije djelo,

mentioned only briefly in a 1912 obituary.

spomenut je samo kratko u osmrtnici 1912.

But a critical copyright battle would completely change Dracula's fate,

Ali će vrlo važna bitka za autorska prava u potpunosti promijeniti Drakulinu sudbinu

and catapult the character into literary renown.

i katapultirati lik među poznate književne likove.

In 1922, a German studio adapted the novel into the now classic silent film "Nosferatu"

Njemački je studio 1922. adaptirao roman u sada klasični nijemi film "Nosferatu"

without paying royalties.

bez plaćanja tantijema.

Despite changes in character names and minor plot points,

Usprkos promjenama imena likova i malih dijelova radnje,

paralele su bile očite i studio je bankrotirao zbog tužbe.

the parallels were obvious, and the studio was sued into bankruptcy.

To prevent more plagiarism attempts,

Kako bi se spriječilo još pokušaja plagiranja,

Stoker's widow decided to establish copyright

Stokerova je udovica odlučila staviti autorsko pravo

over the stage version of "Dracula"

na kazališnu verziju "Drakule"

by approving a production by family-friend Hamilton Deane.

odobrivši produkciju obiteljskog prijatelja Hamiltona Deanea.

Although Deane's adaptation made drastic cuts to the story,

Iako su u Deanovoj adaptaciji drastično izostavljeni dijelovi radnje,

it became a classic,

postala je klasik,

thanks largely to Bela Lugosi's performance on Broadway.

u velikoj mjeri zahvaljujući izvedbi Bele Lugosija na Broadwayu.

Lugosi će imati glavnu ulogu u Universalovoj filmskoj inačici 1931.,

Lugosi would go on to star in the 1931 film version by Universal,

lending the character many of his signature characteristics.

posuđujući liku mnoga svoja karakteristična obilježja.

And since then, Dracula has risen again in countless adaptations,

I otada se Drakula ponovno ustajao u nebrojenim adaptacijama,

finding eternal life far beyond the humble pages of his birth.

pronavši vječni život izvan okvira skromnih stranica njegova rođenja.