Why we love repetition in music - Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Mile Živković

How many times does the chorus repeat in your favorite song?

Koliko puta se ponavlja refren u vašoj omiljenoj pesmi?

And, take a moment to think, how many times have you listened to it?

I razmislite na trenutak, koliko puta ste je preslušali?

Chances are you've heard that chorus repeated dozens, if not hundreds, of times,

Velike su šanse da ste čuli kako se taj refren ponavlja desetine,

ako ne i stotine puta,

and it's not just popular songs in the West that repeat a lot.

i zapadnjačke popularne pesme nisu jedine koje se mnogo ponavljaju.

Repetition is a feature that music from cultures around the world tends to share.

Ponavljanje je svojstvo koje deli muzika u kulturama širom sveta.

So, why does music rely so heavily on repetition?

Dakle, zašto se muzika toliko zasniva na ponavljanju?

One part of the answer come from what psychologists call the mere-exposure effect.

Jedan deo odgovora dolazi iz nečega

što psiholozi nazivaju efektom samog izlaganja.

In short, people tend to prefer things they've been exposed to before.

Ukratko, ljudi su skloni da preferiraju stvari kojima su ranije bili izloženi.

Na primer, na radiju kreće pesma koju ne volimo baš naročito,

For example, a song comes on the radio that we don't particularly like,

but then we hear the song at the grocery store, at the movie theater

ali zatim je čujemo u prodavnici, u bioskopu

and again on the street corner.

i opet na ulici.

Soon, we are tapping to the beat, singing the words,

Uskoro, udaramo u ritmu, pevamo reči,

even downloading the track.

čak i skidamo pesmu sa interneta.

This mere-exposure effect doesn't just work for songs.

Ovaj efekat samog izlaganja deluje ne samo kod pesama.

It also works for everything from shapes to Super Bowl ads.

Takođe deluje za sve, od oblika do reklama za fudbalsko prvenstvo.

So, what makes repetition so uniquely prevalent in music?

Dakle, šta je to što čini ponavljanje tako naročito rasprostranjenim u muzici?

Da bi ovo istražili, psiholozi su zatražili od ljudi

To investigate, psychologists asked people to listen to musical compositions

da slušaju muzičke kompozicije koje su izbegavale tačno ponavljanje.

that avoided exact repetition.

They heard excerpts from these pieces in either their original form,

Čuli su odlomke iz ovih komada ili u njihovom originalnom obliku,

or in a version that had been digitally altered to include repetition.

ili u verziji koja je digitalno izmenjena tako da uključuje ponavljanje.

Although the original versions had been composed by

Iako su originalne verzije komponovali

some of the most respected 20th century composers,

neki od najpoštovanijih kompozitora 20. veka,

and the repetitive versions had been assembled by brute force audio editing,

a ponavljajuće verzije su montirane prostim audio uređivanjem,

people rated the repetitive versions as more enjoyable, more interesting

ljudi su ocenjivali ponavljajuće verzije kao prijatnije, interesantnije

and more likely to have been composed by a human artist.

i kao verovatnije da ih je komponovao čovek umetnik.

Musical repetition is deeply compelling.

Ponavljanje u muzici je neodoljivo.

Think about the Muppets classic, "Mahna Mahna."

Pomislite na klasik Mapetovaca: "Mana Mana".

If you've heard it before,

Ako ste ga pre čuli,

it's almost impossible after I sing, "Mahna mahna,"

gotovo je nemoguće da, nakon što otpevam "Mana Mana",

not to respond, "Do doo do do do."

ne odgovorite sa: "Du du du du du".

Repetition connects each bit of music

Ponavljanje neodoljivo povezuje svaki delić muzike

irresistibly to the next bit of music that follows it.

sa narednim delom koji dolazi posle njega.

Tako da, kada čujete par nota, već zamišljate šta ide sledeće.

So when you hear a few notes, you're already imagining what's coming next.

Your mind is unconsciously singing along,

Vaš um nesvesno peva zajedno,

and without noticing, you might start humming out loud.

i pre nego što primetite, možda već počnete da glasno pevušite.

Recent studies have shown that when people hear a segment of music repeated,

Skorija istraživanja su pokazala da kada ljudi čuju da se ponavlja segment muzike,

they are more likely to move or tap along to it.

skloniji su da se kreću ili udaraju u njegovom ritmu.

Repetition invites us into music as imagined participants,

Ponavljanje nas poziva u muziku kao zamišljene učesnike,

rather than as passive listeners.

pre nego kao pasivne slušaoce.

Research has also shown

Istraživanje je takođe pokazalo

that listeners shift their attention across musical repetitions,

da slušaoci premeštaju pažnju kroz ponavljanje u muzici

focusing on different aspects of the sound on each new listen.

fokusirajući se na različite aspekte zvuka pri svakom novom slušanju.

You might notice the melody of a phrase the first time,

Možda ćete prvi put primetiti melodiju fraze,

but when it's repeated, your attention shifts to how the guitarist bends a pitch.

ali kada se ona ponovi, vaša pažnja se pomera na to kako gitarista okida žicu.

This also occurs in language, with something called semantic satiation.

Ovo se takođe dešava u jeziku, što se naziva semantička zasićenost.

Repeating a word like atlas ad nauseam

Ponavljanje reči kao što je atlas do besmisla

can make you stop thinking about what the word means,

može učiniti da prestanete da mislite o tome šta reč znači,

and instead focus on the sounds: the odd way the "L" follows the "T."

i umesto toga se fokusirate na zvuke: na čudan način kojim L sledi T.

In this way, repetition can open up new worlds of sound

Na ovaj način, ponavljanje može otvoriti novi svet zvukova

not accessible on first hearing.

koji nisu dostupni pri prvom slušanju.

The "L" following the "T" might not be aesthetically relevant to "atlas,"

L koje sledi T možda nije estetski bitno za "atlas",

but the guitarist pitch bending might be of critical expressive importance.

ali okidanje žice gitariste može biti od kritičnog ekspresivnog značaja.

The speech to song illusion captures how simply

Iluzija od govora do pesme odslikava kako jednostavno

repeating a sentence a number of times shifts listeners attention

ponavljanje rečenice više puta skreće pažnju posmatrača

to the pitch and temporal aspects of the sound,

ka tonalitetu i temporalnim aspektima zvuka,

so that the repeated spoken language

tako da ponovoljeni izgovor

actually begins to sound like it is being sung.

zapravo počinje da zvuči kao da se peva.

A similar effect happens with random sequences of sound.

Sličan efekat se događa sa nasumičnim sekvencama zvuka.

People will rate random sequences they've heard on repeated loop

Ljudi će nasumične sekvence koje su čuli kako se ponavljaju oceniti

as more musical than a random sequence they've only heard once.

kao muzikalnije od nasumične sekvence koju su čuli jednom.

Repetition gives rise to a kind of orientation to sound

Ponavljanje proizvodi neku vrstu usmeravanja ka zvuku,

that we think of as distinctively musical, where we're listening along with the sound,

što smatramo karakterističnim za muziku, dok slušamo uz zvuk,

engaging imaginatively with the note about to happen.

priključujući se u mašti notama koje će uslediti.

This mode of listening ties in with our susceptibility to musical ear worms,

Ovaj obrazac slušanja poklapa se

sa našom prijemčivošću da postanemo zaraženi pesmom,

where segments of music burrow into our head,

kada nam se delovi muzike uvuku u glavu,

and play again and again, as if stuck on repeat.

i sviraju iznova i iznova, kao pokvarena ploča.

Critics are often embarrassed by music's repetitiveness,

Kritičarima je često neprijatna repeticija u muzici,

finding it childish or regressive,

smatrajući je detinjastom ili regresivnom,

but repetition, far from an embarrassment, is actually a key feature

ali ponavljanje, daleko od neprijatnosti, zapravo je ključno svojstvo

that gives rise to the kind of experience we think about as musical.

za proizvodnju iskustva koje smatramo muzičkim.