Where do superstitions come from? - Stuart Vyse

5,024,332 views ใƒป 2017-03-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Are you afraid of black cats?
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ืืชื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื?
00:09
Would you open an umbrella indoors?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช?
00:11
And how do you feel about the number thirteen?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”?
00:15
Whether or not you believe in them,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื• ืœื,
00:17
you're probably familiar with a few of these superstitions.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:20
So how did it happen that people all over the world
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:23
knock on wood,
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ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฅ,
00:25
or avoid stepping on sidewalk cracks?
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ืื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื›ื”?
00:28
Well, although they have no basis in science,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžื“ืขื™,
00:31
many of these weirdly specific beliefs and practices
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:35
do have equally weird and specific origins.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:39
Because they involve supernatural causes,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
00:41
it's no surprise that many superstitions are based in religion.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืช.
00:45
For example. the number thirteen was associated with the biblical Last Supper,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื ื›ื™ืช,
00:50
where Jesus Christ dined with his twelve disciples
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ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื• ืกืขื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
00:53
just before being arrested and crucified.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฆืจ ื•ื ืฆืœื‘.
00:57
The resulting idea that having thirteen people at a table was bad luck
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ืžื–ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื–ืœ ืจืข
01:02
eventually expanded into thirteen being an unlucky number in general.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™.
01:08
Now, this fear of the number thirteen, called triskaidekaphobia,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื ืงืจื ื˜ืจื™ืกืงื™ื“ืงืคื•ื‘ื™ื”,
01:12
is so common that many buildings around the world skip the thirteenth floor,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”,
01:18
with the numbers going straight from twelve to fourteen.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”.
01:22
Of course, many people consider the story of the Last Supper to be true
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:26
but other superstitions come from religious traditions
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช
01:29
that few people believe in or even remember.
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ืฉืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:33
Knocking on wood is thought to come from the folklore of the ancient Indo-Europeans
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื• ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื
01:37
or possibly people who predated them
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ื
01:40
who believed that trees were home to various spirits.
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ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื• ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
01:44
Touching a tree would invoke the protection
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ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฅ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”
01:46
or blessing of the spirit within.
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ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
01:50
And somehow,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื,
01:52
this tradition survived long after belief in these spirits had faded away.
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืจื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืžื•ื’ื•.
01:56
Many superstitions common today in countries from Russia to Ireland
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืื™ืจืœื ื“
02:00
are thought to be remnants of the pagan religions that Christianity replaced.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื”.
02:05
But not all superstitions are religious.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:08
Some are just based on unfortunate coincidences and associations.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืžื–ืœ ื•ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช.
02:13
For example, many Italians fear the number 17
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ 17
02:16
because the Roman numeral XVII can be rearranged to form the word vixi,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ XVII ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืงืกื™,
02:23
meaning my life had ended.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•.
02:25
Similarly, the word for the number four
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข
02:27
sounds almost identical to the word for death
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ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื™ืœื” ืžื•ื•ืช
02:30
in Cantonese,
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ื‘ืงื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ืช,
02:32
as well as languages like Japanese
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืคื ื™ืช
02:33
and Korean that have borrowed Chinese numerals.
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ื•ืงื•ืจืื ื™ืช ืฉืฉืืœื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:37
And since the number one also sounds like the word for must,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื ืฉืžืข ื’ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘,
02:41
the number fourteen sounds like the phrase must die.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ืช.
02:45
That's a lot of numbers for elevators and international hotels to avoid.
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ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื.
02:50
And believe it or not,
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
02:51
some superstitions actually make sense,
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ื›ืžื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:53
or at least they did until we forgot their original purpose.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
02:58
For example, theater scenery used to consist of large painted backdrops,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชืคืื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืจืงืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:03
raised and lowered by stagehands who would whistle to signal each other.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืฉืจืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืชืช ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
03:07
Absentminded whistles from other people could cause an accident.
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ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื”.
03:11
But the taboo against whistling backstage still exists today,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจื™ืงื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:16
long after the stagehands started using radio headsets.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช.
03:20
Along the same lines, lighting three cigarettes from the same match
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื’ืคืจื•ืจ
03:24
really could cause bad luck if you were a soldier in a foxhole
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื–ืœ ืจืข ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื”,
03:29
where keeping a match lit too long could draw attention from an enemy sniper.
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ืฉื ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื’ืคืจื•ืจ ื“ืœื•ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฆืœืฃ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
03:34
Most smokers no longer have to worry about snipers,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืœืคื™ื,
03:37
but the superstition lives on.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
03:39
So why do people cling to these bits of forgotten religions,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
03:42
coincidences,
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ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
03:43
and outdated advice?
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ืื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
03:45
Aren't they being totally irrational?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื?
03:48
Well, yes, but for many people,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:50
superstitions are based more on cultural habit than conscious belief.
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:54
After all, no one is born knowing to avoid walking under ladders
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืกื•ืœืžื•ืช
03:59
or whistling indoors,
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ืื• ืœืฉืจื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
04:00
but if you grow up being told by your family to avoid these things,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:04
chances are they'll make you uncomfortable,
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
04:06
even after you logically understand that nothing bad will happen.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ืœื ื™ืงืจื”.
04:11
And since doing something like knocking on wood doesn't require much effort,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื“ืคื•ืง ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฅ,
04:14
following the superstition is often easier than consciously resisting it.
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคืœื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข.
04:19
Besides, superstitions often do seem to work.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:23
Maybe you remember hitting a home run while wearing your lucky socks.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ืจืืŸ ื›ืฉืœื‘ืฉืชื ืืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:27
This is just our psychological bias at work.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:29
You're far less likely to remember all the times you struck out
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื
04:33
while wearing the same socks.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:35
But believing that they work could actually make you play better
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:39
by giving you the illusion of having greater control over events.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
04:43
So in situations where that confidence can make a difference, like sports,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
04:48
those crazy superstitions might not be so crazy after all.
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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