Myths and misconceptions about evolution - Alex Gendler

3,074,637 views ใƒป 2013-07-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: benyamin zinshtein ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Myths and misconceptions about evolution.
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ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:18
Let's talk about evolution.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:20
You've probably heard
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื
00:21
that some people consider it controversial,
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ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
00:23
even though most scientists don't.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื.
00:26
But even if you aren't one of those people
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:27
and you think you have a pretty good understanding of evolution,
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
00:30
chances are you still believe some things about it
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”
ืฉืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
00:33
that aren't entirely right,
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00:35
things like,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
00:36
"Evolution is organisms adapting to their environment."
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"ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื"
00:41
This was an earlier,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
00:42
now discredited,
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ืงื•ื“ืžืช
00:43
theory of evolution.
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ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
00:45
Almost 60 years before Darwin published his book,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 60 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•,
00:48
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืœืืžืืจืง ื”ืฆื™ืข
00:50
that creatures evolve by developing
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ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
00:52
certain traits over their lifetimes
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
00:54
and then passing those on to their offspring.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื.
00:57
For example, he thought
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘
00:59
that because giraffes spent their lives
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ
01:01
stretching to reach leaves on higher branches,
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ืžื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:05
their children would be born with longer necks.
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ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:07
But we know now that's not how genetic inheritance works.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื›ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
01:11
In fact, individual organisms don't evolve at all.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:15
Instead, random genetic mutations cause
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช
01:18
some giraffes to be born with longer necks,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:21
and that gives them a better chance to survive
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“
01:23
than the ones who weren't so lucky,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ,
01:26
which brings us to
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
01:28
"survival of the fittest".
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ืœ"ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื".
01:31
This makes it sound like evolution always favors
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื”
01:34
the biggest,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:35
strongest,
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ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
or fastest creatures,
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ืื• ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:37
which is not really the case.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืงืจื”.
01:39
For one thing, evolutionary fitness is just a matter
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ
01:43
of how well-suited they are to their current environment.
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ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
01:46
If all the tall trees suddenly died out
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•
01:48
and only short grass was left,
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ื•ืจืง ืขืฉื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉืืจ,
01:50
all those long-necked giraffes
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš
01:52
would be at a disadvantage.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
01:54
Secondly, survival is not how evolution occurs,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื™ืš ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช,
01:58
reproduction is.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
02:00
And the world if full of creatures
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
02:02
like the male anglerfish,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื’ ื”ืื ื’ืœืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจ,
02:04
which is so small and ill-suited for survival at birth
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
02:07
that it has to quickly find a mate before it dies.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื”ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช.
02:10
But at least we can say
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
02:11
that if an organism dies without reproducing,
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ืฉืื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:14
it's evolutionarily useless, right?
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:16
Wrong!
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ื˜ืขื•ืช!
02:17
Remember, natural selection happens
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
02:20
not at the organism level,
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ืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื,
02:21
but at the genetic level,
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ืืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:23
and the same gene that exists in one organism
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื’ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“
02:25
will also exist in its relatives.
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ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:28
So, a gene that makes an animal altruistically sacrifice itself
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ืื–, ื’ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”
02:31
to help the survival and future reproduction
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”
02:34
of its siblings or cousins,
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืื• ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ื•,
02:35
can become more widespread
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ
02:37
than one that is solely concerned with self-preservation.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:40
Anything that lets more copies of the gene
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื’ืŸ
02:43
pass on to the next generation
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ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
02:44
will serve its purpose,
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ื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
02:47
except
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ืœืžืขื˜...
02:49
evolutionary purpose.
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ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:51
One of the most difficult things to keep in mind about evolution
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
02:55
is that when we say things like,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
02:57
"Genes want to make more copies of themselves,"
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"ื’ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื"
03:00
or even,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื•,
03:01
"natural selection,"
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"ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช",
03:03
we're actually using metaphors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช.
03:06
A gene doesn't want anything,
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ื’ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:08
and there's no outside mechanism
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
03:10
that selects which genes are best to preserve.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืจ.
03:14
All that happens is that random genetic mutations
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
03:16
cause the organisms carrying them
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ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื
03:18
to behave or develop in different ways.
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:20
Some of those ways result in more copies
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื
03:22
of the mutated gene being passed on,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื”,
03:24
and so forth.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
03:25
Nor is there any predetermined plan
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืจืืฉ
03:27
progressing towards an ideal form.
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ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืœืงืจืืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช.
03:30
It's not ideal for the human eye to have a blind spot
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช
03:33
where the optic nerve exits the retina,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
03:35
but that's how it developed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—,
03:37
starting from a simple photoreceptor cell.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื ืงื•ืœื˜-ืื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:40
In retrospect, it would have been
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:41
much more advantageous for humans to crave
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง
03:43
nutrients and vitamins
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื
03:45
rather than just calories.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:47
But over the millenia,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
03:48
during which our ancestors evolved,
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ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•,
ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:50
calories were scarce,
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03:51
and there was nothing to anticipate
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช
ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
03:53
that this would later change so quickly.
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03:56
So, evolution proceeds blindly,
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ืื–, ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ,
03:58
step
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ืฆืขื“
03:59
by step
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ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“
04:01
by step,
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ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“,
04:03
creating all of the diversity we see in the natural world.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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