History vs. Sigmund Freud - Todd Dufresne

2,242,034 views ใƒป 2020-03-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Working in Vienna at the turn of the 20th century,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
00:10
he began his career as a neurologist
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’
00:12
before pioneering the discipline of psychoanalysis.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”.
00:16
He proposed that people are motivated by unconscious desires
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
00:20
and repressed memories,
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื,
00:22
and their problems can be addressed
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ื•ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:24
by making those motivations conscious through talk therapy.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:28
His influence towers above that of all other psychologists in the public eye.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
00:33
But was Sigmund Freud right about human nature?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™?
00:37
And were his methods scientific?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช?
00:39
Order, order. Today on the stand we haveโ€ฆ Dad?
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ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜! ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ .... ืื‘ื?
00:44
Ahem, no, your honor.
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ื”ืžืžืž ,ืœื, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.
00:46
This is Doctor Sigmund Freud,
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ื–ื” ื“"ืจ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“,
00:48
one of the most innovative thinkers in the history of psychology.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:52
An egomaniac who propagated pseudoscientific theories.
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ืื’ื•ืžื ื™ืืง ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:56
Well, which is it?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:57
He tackled issues medicine refused to address.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื.
01:01
Freudโ€™s private practice treated women
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื
01:03
who suffered from what was called hysteria at the time,
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ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžืžื” ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”,
01:07
and their complaints hadnโ€™t been taken seriously at all.
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ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:10
From the women with depression he treated initially
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ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
01:13
to World War I veterans with PTSD,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
01:16
Freudโ€™s talking cure worked,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“,
01:19
and the visibility he gave his patients forced the medical establishment
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ื•ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™
01:23
to acknowledge their psychological disorders were real.
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:26
He certainly didnโ€™t help all his patients.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:29
Freud was convinced that our behavior is shaped by
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช
01:32
unconscious urges and repressed memories.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื.
01:35
He invented baseless unconscious or irrational drivers
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื• ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก
01:39
behind the behavior of trauma survivorsโ€” and caused real harm.
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” -- ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืืžื™ืชื™.
01:44
Howโ€™s that?
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01:44
He misrepresented some of his most famous case studies,
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ืื™ืš?
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:48
claiming his treatment had cured patients when in fact they had gotten worse.
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืจื™ืคืื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
01:53
Later therapists influenced by his theories
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ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
01:56
coaxed their patients into "recovering"
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ืฉื™ื“ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื "ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ"
01:59
supposedly repressed memories of childhood abuse that never happened.
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ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
02:03
Lives and families were torn apart.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื ืงืจืขื•.
02:06
You canโ€™t blame Freud for later misapplications of his workโ€”
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• --
02:09
that would be projecting.
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ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื”.
02:11
Plenty of his ideas were harmful without any misapplication.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:15
He viewed homosexuality as a developmental glitch.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืชืงืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:19
He coined the term penis envyโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืงื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืŸ --
02:21
meaning women are haunted for life by their lack of penises.
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:25
Freud was a product of his era.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
02:27
Yes, some of the specifics were flawed,
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ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื,
02:29
but he created a new space for future scientists to explore,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ,
02:34
investigate, and build upon.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœื™ื•.
02:36
Modern therapy techniques that millions of people rely on
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
02:39
came out of the work he started with psychoanalysis.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”.
02:43
And today everyone knows thereโ€™s an unconsciousโ€”
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข --
02:46
that idea was popularized Freud.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“.
02:48
Psychologists today only believe in a โ€œcognitive unconscious,โ€
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘"ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™",
02:53
the fact that you arenโ€™t aware of everything going on at a given moment.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:57
Freud took this idea way too far, ascribing deep meaning to everything.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™, ื•ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
03:02
He built his theories on scientific ideas that were outdated even in his own time,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื•,
03:07
not just by todayโ€™s standardsโ€”
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื --
03:09
for example, he thought individual psychology
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜
03:12
is derived from the biological inheritance of events in ancient history.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
03:18
And I mean ancientโ€”ย  like the Ice Age or the killing of Moses.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืžืฉ ืขืชื™ืงื” -- ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ืื• ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”.
03:22
Freud and his closest allies actually believed these prehistorical traumas
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ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:27
had ongoing impacts on human psychology.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:30
He thought that the phase of cold indifference to sexuality
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืงืจื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช
03:34
during pubescence was literally an echo of the Ice Age.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—.
03:38
With fantastical beliefs like these, how can we take him seriously?
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ืขื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช?
03:43
Any renowned thinker from centuries past
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื’ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช
03:46
has ideas that seem fantastical by todayโ€™s standards,
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:50
but we canโ€™t discount their influence on this basis.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”.
03:53
Freud was an innovator linking ideas across many fields.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉืงื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:57
His concepts have become everyday terms
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
03:59
that shape how we understand and talk about our own experiences.
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:04
The Oedipus complex? Ego and id? Defense mechanisms? Death wishes?
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ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก? ืื’ื• ื•ืื™ื“? ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื”? ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช?
04:09
All Freud.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืคืจื•ื™ื“.
04:10
But Freud didnโ€™t present himself as a social theoristโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ --
04:13
he insisted that his work was scientific.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
04:17
Are you saying heโ€ฆ repressed inconvenient facts?
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ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ... ื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช?
04:22
Freudโ€™s theories were unfalsifiable.
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื›ื”.
04:24
Wait, so youโ€™re saying he was right?
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ื—ื›ื”, ืื– ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง?
04:27
No, his ideas were framed so that thereโ€™s no way to empirically verify them.
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ืœื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช.
04:32
Freud didnโ€™t even necessarily believe in the psychoanalysis he was peddling.
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ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืงื™ื“ื.
04:37
He was pessimistic about the impact of therapy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
04:40
What! I think I need to lie down!
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ืžื”? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื‘!
04:43
Many of Sigmund Freudโ€™s ideas donโ€™t hold up to modern science,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ื“ ืœื ื ืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
04:47
and his clinical practices donโ€™t meet todayโ€™s ethical standards.
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ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:52
At the same time, he sparked a revolution in psychology and society,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
04:56
and created a vocabulary for discussing emotion.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
05:00
Freud made his share of mistakes.
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ืœืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:02
But is a thinker responsible for how subsequent generations
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
05:06
put their ideas to use?
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•?
05:08
Do they deserve the blame, credit, or redemption
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืฉื™ื, ืœืชืช ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืื• ืœืกืœื•ื—
05:11
when we put history on trial?
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ื›ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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