History vs. Sigmund Freud - Todd Dufresne

2,243,272 views ・ 2020-03-31

TED-Ed


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Clement Fu 審譯者: Zoe Chang
00:07
Working in Vienna at the turn of the 20th century,
0
7165
3180
20 世紀初葉的維也納
00:10
he began his career as a neurologist
1
10345
2630
一名腦神經醫師剛剛開啟他的事業
00:12
before pioneering the discipline of psychoanalysis.
2
12975
3774
之後更創立了精神分析學科
00:16
He proposed that people are motivated by unconscious desires
3
16749
4000
他主張人們的一些動機
源自潛意識慾望和被壓抑的記憶
00:20
and repressed memories,
4
20749
1690
00:22
and their problems can be addressed
5
22439
1960
藉由對話治療的方式 能找出問題的潛在因素進而治療
00:24
by making those motivations conscious through talk therapy.
6
24399
4000
00:28
His influence towers above that of all other psychologists in the public eye.
7
28399
5355
世人眼中的他凌駕於所有心理學家之上
00:33
But was Sigmund Freud right about human nature?
8
33754
3450
但佛洛伊德主張的人性正確嗎?
00:37
And were his methods scientific?
9
37204
2780
他採取的方法科學嗎?
00:39
Order, order. Today on the stand we have… Dad?
10
39984
4631
法庭重地,肅靜、肅靜
今天被告席上的人是……
老爸?
00:44
Ahem, no, your honor.
11
44615
2205
嗯,不,法官大人
00:46
This is Doctor Sigmund Freud,
12
46820
1830
這是西格蒙德·佛洛伊德博士
00:48
one of the most innovative thinkers in the history of psychology.
13
48650
3730
心理學史上最高瞻遠矚的思想家之一
00:52
An egomaniac who propagated pseudoscientific theories.
14
52380
3944
一個散播偽科學理論的自大狂
00:56
Well, which is it?
15
56324
1508
到底是哪個?
00:57
He tackled issues medicine refused to address.
16
57832
3460
被告對醫學界拒絕處理的問題 提出了解決方案
01:01
Freud’s private practice treated women
17
61292
2376
佛洛伊德的私人診所
01:03
who suffered from what was called hysteria at the time,
18
63668
3340
治療了當時許多 患有歇斯底里症的婦女
01:07
and their complaints hadn’t been taken seriously at all.
19
67008
3710
在那之前沒有人把它當一回事
01:10
From the women with depression he treated initially
20
70718
2760
從最初治療抑鬱症的婦女
01:13
to World War I veterans with PTSD,
21
73478
2990
到後來患創傷症候群的一戰老兵
01:16
Freud’s talking cure worked,
22
76468
2710
佛洛伊德的談話治療法奏效
01:19
and the visibility he gave his patients forced the medical establishment
23
79178
4292
同時他把病例公諸於世
迫使醫療體制承認精神障礙確實存在
01:23
to acknowledge their psychological disorders were real.
24
83470
3292
01:26
He certainly didn’t help all his patients.
25
86762
2460
被告並非普渡眾生的濟世華佗
01:29
Freud was convinced that our behavior is shaped by
26
89222
3083
佛洛伊德一心認定人的行為
01:32
unconscious urges and repressed memories.
27
92305
2930
是由潛意識衝動和被壓抑的記憶所塑造
01:35
He invented baseless unconscious or irrational drivers
28
95235
4238
他杜撰毫無根據的潛意識 或非理性的衝動
01:39
behind the behavior of trauma survivors— and caused real harm.
29
99473
4597
穿鑿附會創傷症候群患者的行為
無風起浪,造成實質損傷
01:44
How’s that?
30
104070
880
01:44
He misrepresented some of his most famous case studies,
31
104950
3760
這又怎麼說?
他的一些知名個案研究陳述失實
01:48
claiming his treatment had cured patients when in fact they had gotten worse.
32
108710
4883
聲稱成功治癒病患 實際上病患情況反而更差
01:53
Later therapists influenced by his theories
33
113593
2649
後來一些應用其理論的心理治療師
01:56
coaxed their patients into "recovering"
34
116242
2784
連哄帶騙讓病患從無中生有的
01:59
supposedly repressed memories of childhood abuse that never happened.
35
119026
4643
童年受虐的受壓抑記憶中走出來
02:03
Lives and families were torn apart.
36
123669
2640
連帶摧毀許多人、拆散許多家庭
02:06
You can’t blame Freud for later misapplications of his work—
37
126309
3440
理論被誤用並不能歸咎佛洛伊德
02:09
that would be projecting.
38
129749
1628
事後孔明,有失公允
02:11
Plenty of his ideas were harmful without any misapplication.
39
131377
4025
他有太多理論即使沒被誤用 也足已害人
02:15
He viewed homosexuality as a developmental glitch.
40
135402
4000
他將同性戀視為 性發展期出現障礙的產物
02:19
He coined the term penis envy—
41
139402
2280
又自創新詞「陰莖妒羡」
02:21
meaning women are haunted for life by their lack of penises.
42
141682
3540
指女性因沒有陽具而感到失落
02:25
Freud was a product of his era.
43
145222
2610
佛洛伊德是時勢造英雄
02:27
Yes, some of the specifics were flawed,
44
147832
2070
誠然,一些細節出現瑕疵
02:29
but he created a new space for future scientists to explore,
45
149902
4181
但他開闢了一個全新的空間
供後來的科學家探索、研究、構築
02:34
investigate, and build upon.
46
154083
2240
02:36
Modern therapy techniques that millions of people rely on
47
156323
3410
數百萬人所仰賴的現代治療技法
02:39
came out of the work he started with psychoanalysis.
48
159733
3293
也是從他所開創的精神分析演化而來
02:43
And today everyone knows there’s an unconscious—
49
163026
3170
如今,耳熟能詳的潛意識一詞
02:46
that idea was popularized Freud.
50
166196
2720
也要拜佛洛伊德所賜
02:48
Psychologists today only believe in a “cognitive unconscious,”
51
168916
4335
如今心理學家只相信「無意識認知」
02:53
the fact that you aren’t aware of everything going on at a given moment.
52
173251
4132
即:人無法全然得知 當下正在發生的所有事物
02:57
Freud took this idea way too far, ascribing deep meaning to everything.
53
177383
5015
佛洛伊德鼓吹潛意識一詞過了頭
試圖賦予所有的東西深層意義
03:02
He built his theories on scientific ideas that were outdated even in his own time,
54
182398
5369
那些他用來發展理論的科學構想
當年早已過時,遑論今日
03:07
not just by today’s standards—
55
187767
1980
03:09
for example, he thought individual psychology
56
189747
2940
例如:他以為個人心理學
03:12
is derived from the biological inheritance of events in ancient history.
57
192687
5319
是源自古代史上 一連串事件的生物遺傳
03:18
And I mean ancient—  like the Ice Age or the killing of Moses.
58
198006
4313
這裡所說的「古代史」
指的是冰河時期或是摩西遇害
03:22
Freud and his closest allies actually believed these prehistorical traumas
59
202319
5412
佛洛伊德及其追隨者真心相信
這些史前創傷仍對人類心理
03:27
had ongoing impacts on human psychology.
60
207731
3050
有曠日長久的影響
03:30
He thought that the phase of cold indifference to sexuality
61
210781
3640
他也認為青春期前
對性冷漠無感的階段
03:34
during pubescence was literally an echo of the Ice Age.
62
214421
4530
正是對冰河時期的呼應
03:38
With fantastical beliefs like these, how can we take him seriously?
63
218951
4398
如此異想天開的觀點,叫人何以信之?
03:43
Any renowned thinker from centuries past
64
223349
2690
歷史上有名的思想家
03:46
has ideas that seem fantastical by today’s standards,
65
226039
4000
難免有些今人看來荒誕的觀點
03:50
but we can’t discount their influence on this basis.
66
230039
3712
但我們不能因此全盤推翻他們
03:53
Freud was an innovator linking ideas across many fields.
67
233751
3650
佛洛伊德的思想貫穿許多範疇
03:57
His concepts have become everyday terms
68
237401
2340
其中許多更成為日常用語
03:59
that shape how we understand and talk about our own experiences.
69
239741
4645
形塑出我們對自身的理解及溝通方式
04:04
The Oedipus complex? Ego and id? Defense mechanisms? Death wishes?
70
244386
5330
「戀母情結」
「自我」與「本我」
「心理防衛機制」
「死欲」
04:09
All Freud.
71
249716
870
皆出自他
04:10
But Freud didn’t present himself as a social theorist—
72
250586
3220
然而佛洛伊德不以社會理論家自居
04:13
he insisted that his work was scientific.
73
253806
3210
他堅稱自己做的是科學工作
你是說他……
04:17
Are you saying he… repressed inconvenient facts?
74
257016
3210
「壓抑」了不好說的真相?
04:22
Freud’s theories were unfalsifiable.
75
262119
2840
佛洛伊德的理論都是無從否證的
04:24
Wait, so you’re saying he was right?
76
264959
2080
等等,你是說被告人沒錯?
04:27
No, his ideas were framed so that there’s no way to empirically verify them.
77
267039
5810
非也
被告人的理論架構皆是 無法以經驗值去驗證的
04:32
Freud didn’t even necessarily believe in the psychoanalysis he was peddling.
78
272849
4750
佛洛伊德也不盡信
自己大力提倡的精神分析學
04:37
He was pessimistic about the impact of therapy.
79
277599
3210
甚至對治療效果也很悲觀
04:40
What! I think I need to lie down!
80
280809
2810
怎麼如此複雜,本庭快昏倒,休庭
04:43
Many of Sigmund Freud’s ideas don’t hold up to modern science,
81
283619
4070
佛洛伊德的許多主張 在現代科學都無從立足
04:47
and his clinical practices don’t meet today’s ethical standards.
82
287689
4365
他的臨床實務也不符今天的道德標準
04:52
At the same time, he sparked a revolution in psychology and society,
83
292054
4573
話雖如此,他卻在心理學及社會 催生了一場革命
04:56
and created a vocabulary for discussing emotion.
84
296627
3480
並創立了一套論述情感的詞彙
05:00
Freud made his share of mistakes.
85
300107
2240
佛洛伊德所犯的錯不在少數
05:02
But is a thinker responsible for how subsequent generations
86
302347
3840
但思想家對自己的主張 如何被後世運用
05:06
put their ideas to use?
87
306187
1940
也需被究責嗎?
05:08
Do they deserve the blame, credit, or redemption
88
308127
3290
是功是過?可否將功贖罪?
05:11
when we put history on trial?
89
311417
2337
一切只待歷史的審訊
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7