History vs. Sigmund Freud - Todd Dufresne

譯者: Clement Fu 審譯者: Zoe Chang

Working in Vienna at the turn of the 20th century,

20 世紀初葉的維也納

he began his career as a neurologist

一名腦神經醫師剛剛開啟他的事業

before pioneering the discipline of psychoanalysis.

之後更創立了精神分析學科

He proposed that people are motivated by unconscious desires

他主張人們的一些動機

源自潛意識慾望和被壓抑的記憶

and repressed memories,

and their problems can be addressed

藉由對話治療的方式 能找出問題的潛在因素進而治療

by making those motivations conscious through talk therapy.

His influence towers above that of all other psychologists in the public eye.

世人眼中的他凌駕於所有心理學家之上

But was Sigmund Freud right about human nature?

但佛洛伊德主張的人性正確嗎？

And were his methods scientific?

他採取的方法科學嗎？

Order, order. Today on the stand we have… Dad?

法庭重地，肅靜、肅靜

今天被告席上的人是……

老爸？

Ahem, no, your honor.

嗯，不，法官大人

This is Doctor Sigmund Freud,

這是西格蒙德·佛洛伊德博士

one of the most innovative thinkers in the history of psychology.

心理學史上最高瞻遠矚的思想家之一

An egomaniac who propagated pseudoscientific theories.

一個散播偽科學理論的自大狂

Well, which is it?

到底是哪個？

He tackled issues medicine refused to address.

被告對醫學界拒絕處理的問題 提出了解決方案

Freud’s private practice treated women

佛洛伊德的私人診所

who suffered from what was called hysteria at the time,

治療了當時許多 患有歇斯底里症的婦女

and their complaints hadn’t been taken seriously at all.

在那之前沒有人把它當一回事

From the women with depression he treated initially

從最初治療抑鬱症的婦女

to World War I veterans with PTSD,

到後來患創傷症候群的一戰老兵

Freud’s talking cure worked,

佛洛伊德的談話治療法奏效

and the visibility he gave his patients forced the medical establishment

同時他把病例公諸於世

迫使醫療體制承認精神障礙確實存在

to acknowledge their psychological disorders were real.

He certainly didn’t help all his patients.

被告並非普渡眾生的濟世華佗

Freud was convinced that our behavior is shaped by

佛洛伊德一心認定人的行為

unconscious urges and repressed memories.

是由潛意識衝動和被壓抑的記憶所塑造

He invented baseless unconscious or irrational drivers

他杜撰毫無根據的潛意識 或非理性的衝動

behind the behavior of trauma survivors— and caused real harm.

穿鑿附會創傷症候群患者的行為

無風起浪，造成實質損傷

How’s that?

He misrepresented some of his most famous case studies,

這又怎麼說？

他的一些知名個案研究陳述失實

claiming his treatment had cured patients when in fact they had gotten worse.

聲稱成功治癒病患 實際上病患情況反而更差

Later therapists influenced by his theories

後來一些應用其理論的心理治療師

coaxed their patients into "recovering"

連哄帶騙讓病患從無中生有的

supposedly repressed memories of childhood abuse that never happened.

童年受虐的受壓抑記憶中走出來

Lives and families were torn apart.

連帶摧毀許多人、拆散許多家庭

You can’t blame Freud for later misapplications of his work—

理論被誤用並不能歸咎佛洛伊德

that would be projecting.

事後孔明，有失公允

Plenty of his ideas were harmful without any misapplication.

他有太多理論即使沒被誤用 也足已害人

He viewed homosexuality as a developmental glitch.

他將同性戀視為 性發展期出現障礙的產物

He coined the term penis envy—

又自創新詞「陰莖妒羡」

meaning women are haunted for life by their lack of penises.

指女性因沒有陽具而感到失落

Freud was a product of his era.

佛洛伊德是時勢造英雄

Yes, some of the specifics were flawed,

誠然，一些細節出現瑕疵

but he created a new space for future scientists to explore,

但他開闢了一個全新的空間

供後來的科學家探索、研究、構築

investigate, and build upon.

Modern therapy techniques that millions of people rely on

數百萬人所仰賴的現代治療技法

came out of the work he started with psychoanalysis.

也是從他所開創的精神分析演化而來

And today everyone knows there’s an unconscious—

如今，耳熟能詳的潛意識一詞

that idea was popularized Freud.

也要拜佛洛伊德所賜

Psychologists today only believe in a “cognitive unconscious,”

如今心理學家只相信「無意識認知」

the fact that you aren’t aware of everything going on at a given moment.

即：人無法全然得知 當下正在發生的所有事物

Freud took this idea way too far, ascribing deep meaning to everything.

佛洛伊德鼓吹潛意識一詞過了頭

試圖賦予所有的東西深層意義

He built his theories on scientific ideas that were outdated even in his own time,

那些他用來發展理論的科學構想

當年早已過時，遑論今日

not just by today’s standards—

for example, he thought individual psychology

例如：他以為個人心理學

is derived from the biological inheritance of events in ancient history.

是源自古代史上 一連串事件的生物遺傳

And I mean ancient—  like the Ice Age or the killing of Moses.

這裡所說的「古代史」

指的是冰河時期或是摩西遇害

Freud and his closest allies actually believed these prehistorical traumas

佛洛伊德及其追隨者真心相信

這些史前創傷仍對人類心理

had ongoing impacts on human psychology.

有曠日長久的影響

He thought that the phase of cold indifference to sexuality

他也認為青春期前

對性冷漠無感的階段

during pubescence was literally an echo of the Ice Age.

正是對冰河時期的呼應

With fantastical beliefs like these, how can we take him seriously?

如此異想天開的觀點，叫人何以信之？

Any renowned thinker from centuries past

歷史上有名的思想家

has ideas that seem fantastical by today’s standards,

難免有些今人看來荒誕的觀點

but we can’t discount their influence on this basis.

但我們不能因此全盤推翻他們

Freud was an innovator linking ideas across many fields.

佛洛伊德的思想貫穿許多範疇

His concepts have become everyday terms

其中許多更成為日常用語

that shape how we understand and talk about our own experiences.

形塑出我們對自身的理解及溝通方式

The Oedipus complex? Ego and id? Defense mechanisms? Death wishes?

「戀母情結」

「自我」與「本我」

「心理防衛機制」

「死欲」

All Freud.

皆出自他

But Freud didn’t present himself as a social theorist—

然而佛洛伊德不以社會理論家自居

he insisted that his work was scientific.

他堅稱自己做的是科學工作

你是說他……

Are you saying he… repressed inconvenient facts?

「壓抑」了不好說的真相？

Freud’s theories were unfalsifiable.

佛洛伊德的理論都是無從否證的

Wait, so you’re saying he was right?

等等，你是說被告人沒錯？

No, his ideas were framed so that there’s no way to empirically verify them.

非也

被告人的理論架構皆是 無法以經驗值去驗證的

Freud didn’t even necessarily believe in the psychoanalysis he was peddling.

佛洛伊德也不盡信

自己大力提倡的精神分析學

He was pessimistic about the impact of therapy.

甚至對治療效果也很悲觀

What! I think I need to lie down!

怎麼如此複雜，本庭快昏倒，休庭

Many of Sigmund Freud’s ideas don’t hold up to modern science,

佛洛伊德的許多主張 在現代科學都無從立足

and his clinical practices don’t meet today’s ethical standards.

他的臨床實務也不符今天的道德標準

At the same time, he sparked a revolution in psychology and society,

話雖如此，他卻在心理學及社會 催生了一場革命

and created a vocabulary for discussing emotion.

並創立了一套論述情感的詞彙

Freud made his share of mistakes.

佛洛伊德所犯的錯不在少數

But is a thinker responsible for how subsequent generations

但思想家對自己的主張 如何被後世運用

put their ideas to use?

也需被究責嗎？

Do they deserve the blame, credit, or redemption

是功是過？可否將功贖罪？

when we put history on trial?

一切只待歷史的審訊