How did feathers evolve? - Carl Zimmer

744,886 views ใƒป 2013-05-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Feathers are some of the most remarkable things
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ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื
00:16
ever made by an animal.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื”.
00:18
They are gorgeous in their complexity,
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ื”ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
00:20
delicate in their construction,
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ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
00:22
and yet strong enough to hold a bird
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ
00:24
thousands of feet in the air.
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ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:26
Like all things in nature,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:27
feathers evolved over millions of years
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ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:30
into their modern form.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:32
It could be hard to imagine
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
00:34
how this could have happened.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
00:36
After all, what did the intermediate forms look like?
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?
00:39
What good is half a wing,
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ืœืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื ืฃ,
00:40
festooned with half-feathers?
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ืขื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ ื ื•ืฆื•ืช?
00:43
Thanks to science,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข,
00:44
we now know that birds are living dinosaurs.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:47
You can see the kinship in their skeletons.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:50
Certain dinosaurs share some anatomical details with birds
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:54
found in no other animals, such as wish bones.
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ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื”.
00:57
And in the late 1990s,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”90,
00:59
paleontologists started digging up
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ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ
01:00
some compelling support for that idea:
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”:
01:03
dinosaurs with bits of feathers
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ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:04
still preserved on their bodies.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:07
Since then, scientists have found
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ืžืื–, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื•
01:08
dozens of species of dinosaurs
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
01:10
with remnants of feathers.
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ืขื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆื•ืช.
01:12
Some were as small as pigeons,
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ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
01:14
and some were the size of a school bus.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
01:17
If you look at how they are related on a family tree,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:19
the evolution of feathers
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช
01:20
doesn't seem quite so impossible.
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ืœื ืชื™ืจืื” ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
01:23
The most distant feathered relatives of birds
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ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
01:25
had straight feathers that looked like wires.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:28
Then these wires split apart,
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•,
01:30
producing simple branches.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื ืคื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:32
In many dinosaur lineages,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
01:33
these simple feathers evolved
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ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
01:35
into more intricate ones,
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ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
including some that we see today on birds.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:39
At the same time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:40
the feathers spread across the bodies of dinosaurs,
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ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
01:42
turning from sparse patches of fuzz
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื›ืชืžื™ื ื“ืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื›ื•ืช
01:45
into dense plumage,
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ืœืคืœื•ืžื” ืฆืคื•ืคื”,
01:47
which even extended down to their legs.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
01:49
A few fossils even preserved some of the molecules
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ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:52
that give feathers color.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข.
01:53
They reveal a beautiful range of colors:
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื:
01:56
glossy, dark plumage, reminiscent of crows,
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ืคืœื•ืžื” ื›ื”ื”, ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:59
alternating strips of black and white,
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ืคืกื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ,
02:02
or splashes of bright red.
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ืื• ื›ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
02:05
Some dinosaurs had high crests on their heads,
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ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื,
02:08
and others had long, dramatic tail feathers.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื–ื ื‘ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืžืชื™ื•ืช.
02:11
Now, none of these dinosaurs
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:12
could use their feathers to fly -
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ -
02:14
their arms were too short
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™
02:15
and the rest of their bodies were far too heavy.
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ื•ืฉืืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื“.
02:17
But, birds don't just use feathers to fly.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ.
02:21
A woodcock uses feathers to blend in perfectly
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ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
02:23
with its forest backdrop.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
02:25
An ostrich stretches its wings over its nest
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ื™ืขืŸ ืžื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ
02:27
to shade its young.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
02:29
A peacock displays its magnificent tail feathers
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ื˜ื•ื•ืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื–ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช
02:31
to attract peahens.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
02:33
Feathers could have served these functions
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ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:34
for dinosaurs too.
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ื’ื ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
02:36
Exactly how feathered dinosaurs took flight
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืจื™ืื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฆื•ืช -
02:38
is still a bit of a mystery.
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ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
02:40
But if a small-feathered dinosaur flapped
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืขื ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื ืคื ืฃ
02:42
its arms as it ran up an incline,
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ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจืฅ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”,
02:45
its feathers would have provided extra lift
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ื ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
02:47
to help it run faster.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:48
This accident of physics might have led
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ืชืื•ื ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื”
02:51
to the evolution of longer dinosaur arms,
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื,
02:53
which would let them run faster
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:55
and even leap short distances through the air.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื ืง ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
02:58
Eventually, their arms stretched out into wings.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืืจื›ื• ืœื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
03:01
Only then, perhaps 50 million years
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ืจืง ืื–, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
03:04
after the first wiry feathers evolved,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•,
03:06
did feathers lift those dinosaurs into the sky.
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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