What if you experienced every human life in history?

3,041,524 views ใƒป 2023-02-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Imagine that your life began roughly 300,000 years ago
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 300,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
00:10
as one of the planetโ€™s first humans.
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ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:13
At this time, you live in Africa near modern-day Morocco,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ื“ ืžืจื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
00:16
and your life isnโ€™t too different from that of your hominid parents.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
00:20
You make crude tools, hunt, and gather food and materials,
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ืืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื˜ื ื›ืœื™ื ื’ืกื™ื, ืฆื“ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
00:24
until, eventually, you perish.
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื ืžืชื™ื.
00:28
But this is only the beginning.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:30
Because after dying, you travel back in time to be reincarnated
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืชืชื, ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
00:34
as the second human ever to live.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:37
While you don't remember your former life,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
00:40
your previous actions affect you nonetheless.
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.
00:45
And after dying once more, you return as the third person, then the fourth,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืชืชื ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
00:50
the fifth, and so onโ€”
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”-
00:51
living the lives of every single human thatโ€™s ever walked the Earth.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื”ืœืš ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:56
Strung end to end, these lives last almost 4 trillion years.
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ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:01
Since you only recall the life youโ€™re currently living,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
01:04
your psyche doesnโ€™t carry the entire weight of human history.
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ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:08
However, each of your lifetimes still has a profound impact on your future selves.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:14
Sometimes your influence on the world is obvious,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
01:16
but these major historical figures only account
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง
01:19
for a tiny fraction of your experience.
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ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:22
Instead, your existence consists mostly of ordinary lives,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
01:26
filled with everyday tasks like eating, laughing, working, and worrying.
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ืžืœื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ืื’ื”.
01:31
For approximately one tenth of your 4 trillion years,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš 4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:34
youโ€™re a hunter-gatherer.
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ืืชื ืฆื™ื™ื“-ืœืงื˜.
01:36
For 60%, youโ€™re an agriculturalist, developing tools and techniques
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60%, ืืชื ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช
01:41
which you employ over roughly 800 billion years of working on farms.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืžื•ืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 800 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช.
01:46
Across your lifetimes, you spend 1.5 billion years having sex
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ื, ืืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ื 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ
01:51
and another 250 million years giving birth.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ื”.
01:55
In total, 20% of your existence is spent raising children,
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, 20% ืžื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:59
to whom you impart a variety of cultural values
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ืฉืœื”ื ืืชื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
02:02
that influence the trajectory of generations.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:04
In some lives, you shatter those cultures through invasion and imperialism.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืชื ืžื ืคืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
02:09
In others, you suffer as your lands and loved ones are taken away.
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ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืฉืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื›ื.
02:13
In over 1% of lives, youโ€™re afflicted with malaria or smallpox,
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ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-1% ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื ืžืžืœืจื™ื” ืื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:18
while, in others, you treat these conditionsโ€”
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืืชื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”-
02:20
saving countless versions of yourself.
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ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
02:24
In humanityโ€™s early days, the average lifespan is fairly short.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืงืฆืจื” ืœืžื“ื™.
02:28
There are fewer lives to live,
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:30
and your influence is usually limited to people physically near you.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
02:34
But as humans survive longer on average and Earth's population grows,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:38
you start to spend more time reliving the same action-packed years.
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:43
A full third of your existence comes after 1200 CE,
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ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืžื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจ 1200 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:47
and a quarter of it takes place after 1750.
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ื•ืจื‘ืข ืžืžื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ 1750.
02:51
At this point, technology and society start changing faster than ever.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
02:55
You invent steam engines, configure factories, and generate electricity,
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ืืชื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:00
which power the daily machinery of all of your later lives.
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ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:04
You live through revolutions in science, the deadliest wars in history,
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ืืชืื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
03:08
and dramatic environmental destruction.
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ื•ื”ืจืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
03:11
On average, each new life lasts longer,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:14
but the pace of your existence keeps accelerating.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ.
03:17
Conversations that previously took months to unfold now happen in minutes.
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืืจื›ื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:22
Business ventures that you built over generations transform overnight.
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ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
03:27
You enjoy luxuries you never could have sampled before,
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ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื“ื’ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:30
even in your past lives as kings and queens.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช.
03:34
After living over 100 billion lives,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:38
you're finally reborn as the youngest person alive today.
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืชื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืื“ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:41
But despite living through 300,000 years of human history,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 300,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
03:45
your actions have more impact today than 99% of your past lives.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœ-99% ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:51
High-speed air travel allows you to carry contagions and cures
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ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœืฉืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
03:55
across an ocean in hours.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
03:57
And the internet makes your personal sphere of influence global,
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
04:01
allowing you to collaborate with anyone, anywhere, without even leaving your home.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช.
04:06
In recent lives, youโ€™ve invented tools to rewrite the genes of living organisms,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆืืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:11
permanently altering their future generations.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:14
And in this life, you might create even more technologies
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:17
that make the world safer, kinder, and more equitable for countless future lives.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:22
However, one careless invention could just as easily be catastrophic.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆืื” ืจืฉืœื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ืช.
04:28
Between nuclear weapons, lab leaks, climate change,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
04:30
and other existential threats,
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ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:32
humanity's risk of inducing our own extinction has never been higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:37
In this fast-paced, interconnected world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:39
itโ€™s frighteningly easy to undo all of humanityโ€™s progress,
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ืงืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
04:43
or potentially, cut short all your possible futures.
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ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ืœืงืฆืฅ ื›ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื›ื.
04:47
There's no way to know what will happen next.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื.
04:49
But whatโ€™s clear is that your potential is limitless.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
04:53
So, how will you spend this life?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืชื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
04:56
And what can you do to work towards a better future
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:00
for all your lives to come?
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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