The secret student resistance to Hitler - Iseult Gillespie

1,733,259 views ใƒป 2019-09-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In 1943 Allied aircraft swooped over Nazi Germany,
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ื‘ 1943 ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื˜ืคื• ืžืขืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช,
00:10
raining tens of thousands of leaflets on people below.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ืจื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
00:14
Written by anonymous Germans, the leaflets urged readers to renounce Hitler,
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ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ,
00:18
to fight furiously for the futureโ€” and to never give up hope.
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ืœืœื—ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื– ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื -- ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
00:22
Their call to action rippled through homes and businessesโ€”
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื”ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื --
00:25
and news of their message even reached concentration camps and prisons.
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ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื.
00:29
It was only after the war had ended that the authorsโ€™ identities, stories,
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ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ืžืจื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
00:33
and tragic fate would come to light.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ.
00:38
When Hitler seized power 10 years earlier,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
00:40
Hans and Sophie Scholl were teenagers in the town of Forchtenberg.
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ื”ืื ืก ื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืจืฉื˜ื ื‘ืจื’.
00:44
At that time, fear, propaganda, and surveillance
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืคื—ื“, ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ื•ืžืขืงื‘
00:47
kept all aspects of life for the Scholl family and millions of other Germans
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ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:51
under Nazi control.
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืืฆื™ืช.
00:53
The government specifically targeted young people,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
00:56
setting up institutions to regulate their behavior and police their thoughts.
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ื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:00
As teenagers, Hans was a member of the Hitler Youth
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ
01:03
and Sophie joined The League of German Girls.
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ื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืœื™ื’ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช.
01:07
Hans rose through the ranks
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ื”ืื ืก ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช
01:08
and oversaw the training and indoctrination of other young people.
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ื•ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:12
In 1936, he was chosen to carry the flag at a national rally.
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ื‘ 1936, ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ืืจืฆื™ืช.
01:17
But when he witnessed the zeal of Nazi rhetoric,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช,
01:19
he began to question it for the first time.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:22
Meanwhile, Sophie was also starting to doubt the information she was being fed.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”.
01:27
Their parents Robert and Magdalena,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื ื”,
01:29
who had feared they were losing their children to Nazi ideology,
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ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช,
01:32
encouraged these misgivings.
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:34
At home, Robert and Magdalena listened to foreign radio stations
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช
01:38
that the government first discouraged and later banned.
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืื– ืืกืจ.
01:42
While the government churned out national broadcasts which denied Nazi atrocities,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
01:46
the Scholls learned shocking truths.
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”.
01:49
And yet, they were still subject to the rules of life in Hitlerโ€™s Germany.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
01:53
After the outbreak of war,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:55
Sophie reluctantly worked for the national effort,
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ืกื•ืคื™ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
01:58
and Hans had to take on army duties while attending medical school in Munich.
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ื•ื”ืื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ.
02:02
That was where Hans met Christoph Probst, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell.
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ืื– ื”ืื ืก ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืคืจื•ื‘ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ ื’ืจืืฃ ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืฉืžื•ืจืœ.
02:08
Day by day, each grew more sickened by Nazi ideology.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
02:12
They longed to share their views.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:14
But how could they spread them, when it was impossible to know who to trust?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—?
02:18
And so, the friends decided to rebel anonymously.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืžืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™.
02:22
They pooled their money and bought printing materials.
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ื”ื ืืกืคื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืงื ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื“ืคื•ืก.
02:25
An acquaintance let them use a cellar under his studio.
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ืžื›ืจ ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•.
02:28
In secret, they began drafting their message.
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ื‘ื—ืฉืื™, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:31
In June 1942, mysterious anti-Nazi leaflets began appearing all over Munich.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942, ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ.
02:37
They were signed: the White Rose.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื: ื”ื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
02:40
The first leaflet denounced Hitler
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ื”ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ
02:42
and called for Germans to sabotage the war effort:
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™:
02:45
โ€œAdopt passive resistanceโ€ฆ
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"ืืžืฆื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช...
02:47
block the functioning of this atheistic war machine before it is too late,
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ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™,
02:51
before the last city is a heap of rubbleโ€ฆ
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืจืžืช ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช...
02:54
before the last youth of our nation bleeds to death...
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื“ืžื ืœืžื•ื•ืช...
02:57
Donโ€™t forget that each people gets the government it deserves!โ€
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ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•!"
03:02
At a time when a sarcastic remark could constitute treason,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืกืจืงืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
03:05
this language was unprecedented.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืชืงื“ื™ื.
03:07
It was written mostly by Hans Scholl.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืก ืฉื•ืœ.
03:10
In 1942, Sophie came to Munich knowing nothing of her brotherโ€™s activities.
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ื‘ 1942, ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื”.
03:15
She soon encountered the leaflets at school.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:17
But it was not until she discovered evidence in Hanโ€™s room
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืก
03:21
that she realized whoโ€™d written them.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื.
03:23
Her shock soon gave way to resolve: she wanted in.
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื” ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื”: ื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
03:28
For both siblings, it was time to escalate the fury that had been brewing for years.
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืขื ืฉืจืชื— ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื.
03:33
From June 1942 to February 1943, the group worked feverishly.
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ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 1942 ืขื“ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1943, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช.
03:40
While the Gestapo searched for leads,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืืคื• ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืจืžื–ื™ื,
03:42
the White Rose were constantly on guard.
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ื”ื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืจื ื™ื™ื.
03:45
The war raged on. Regulations tightened, and Munich suffered air raids.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืงื•, ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช.
03:50
But the White Rose ventured deeper into conspiracy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื–ื™ืžื”.
03:53
They graffitied buildings and braved trains swarming with Gestapo.
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืกื˜ืคื•.
03:58
In the winter of 1942,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1942,
04:00
Hans made a treacherous journey to the Czechoslovakian border
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ื”ืื ืก ืขืฉื” ืžืกืข ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™
04:04
to meet anti-Nazi rebels.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ื ืืฆื™ื™ื.
04:06
On February 18, 1943,
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ื‘ 18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ, 1943,
04:09
Sophie and Hans brought a suitcase of leaflets to their university.
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ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืื ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:13
A custodian noticed what they were doing and reported them to the Gestapo.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื’ืกื˜ืคื•.
04:17
Both calmly denied any involvementโ€”
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ื“ื—ื• ื‘ืจื•ื’ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช --
04:19
until the police gathered all the leaflets and placed them back in the empty case,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืืกืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื™ืงื”,
04:24
where they fit perfectly.
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ืœืฉื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
04:27
When Hans and Sophie confessed,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ืก ื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:29
they were immediately led to court and sentenced to death by guillotine.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”.
04:33
Despite a grueling interrogation, the two refused to betray their co-conspirators.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืกืจื‘ื• ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื.
04:39
Before her execution, Sophie declared her fury at the state of her country.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’, ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ืขื ืฉืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืœื”.
04:44
But she also spoke to a more hopeful future:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืœื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ:
04:48
โ€œHow can we expect righteousness to prevail when there is hardly anyone
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"ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื“ืง ื™ืฉื’ืฉื’ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“
04:52
willing to give himself up individually to a righteous cause?
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช?
04:56
Such a fine, sunny day, and I have to go,
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ื™ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืžืฉื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืœื›ืช,
05:00
but what does my death matter, if through us,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืฉื ื”, ืื ื“ืจื›ื ื•,
05:03
thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?โ€
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ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”?"
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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