The secret student resistance to Hitler - Iseult Gillespie

1,734,055 views ・ 2019-09-03

TED-Ed


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:06
In 1943 Allied aircraft swooped over Nazi Germany,
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1943 年,同盟國的飛機 飛過納粹德國上方,
00:10
raining tens of thousands of leaflets on people below.
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朝下方的人灑下數萬張傳單。
00:14
Written by anonymous Germans, the leaflets urged readers to renounce Hitler,
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內容是暱名的德國人所寫的, 鼓勵讀者斷絕和希特勒的關係,
00:18
to fight furiously for the future— and to never give up hope.
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為未來奮戰—— 永遠不要放棄希望。
00:22
Their call to action rippled through homes and businesses—
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他們的行動呼籲透過家庭和企業 產生出一波波漣漪——
00:25
and news of their message even reached concentration camps and prisons.
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連集中營和監獄都聽到了 他們傳遞訊息的消息。
00:29
It was only after the war had ended that the authors’ identities, stories,
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一直到戰爭結束後,作者的身分、
00:33
and tragic fate would come to light.
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故事,和悲慘命運才曝光。
00:38
When Hitler seized power 10 years earlier,
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十年前,希特勒取得權力之後,
00:40
Hans and Sophie Scholl were teenagers in the town of Forchtenberg.
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漢斯和蘇菲索爾是 福希滕貝格鎮的青少年/女。
00:44
At that time, fear, propaganda, and surveillance
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當時,恐懼、宣傳、監視
00:47
kept all aspects of life for the Scholl family and millions of other Germans
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讓索爾一家人以及其他 數百萬德國人的生活所有面向
00:51
under Nazi control.
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都受到納粹的控制。
00:53
The government specifically targeted young people,
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政府特別把目標放在年輕人身上,
00:56
setting up institutions to regulate their behavior and police their thoughts.
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設立制度來管理他們的行為, 監督他們的思想。
01:00
As teenagers, Hans was a member of the Hitler Youth
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青少年漢斯是 希特勒青年團的成員,
01:03
and Sophie joined The League of German Girls.
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蘇菲則加入了德國少女聯盟。
01:07
Hans rose through the ranks
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漢斯的官階爬得很快,
01:08
and oversaw the training and indoctrination of other young people.
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負責督導其他 年輕人的訓練和教化。
01:12
In 1936, he was chosen to carry the flag at a national rally.
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1936 年,他被選中 在一次國家集會中掌旗。
01:17
But when he witnessed the zeal of Nazi rhetoric,
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但,當他目擊了納粹 花言巧語的狂熱,
01:19
he began to question it for the first time.
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他第一次開始產生了質疑。
01:22
Meanwhile, Sophie was also starting to doubt the information she was being fed.
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同時,蘇菲也開始懷疑 她被灌輸的資訊。
01:27
Their parents Robert and Magdalena,
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他們的父母羅伯特和梅格德蓮娜
01:29
who had feared they were losing their children to Nazi ideology,
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害怕會因為納粹思想 而失去他們的孩子,
01:32
encouraged these misgivings.
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因此鼓勵這些疑慮。
01:34
At home, Robert and Magdalena listened to foreign radio stations
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在家中,羅伯特和梅格德蓮娜 會聽外國的廣播電台,
01:38
that the government first discouraged and later banned.
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政府首先勸阻聽這類電台, 後來直接禁止。
01:42
While the government churned out national broadcasts which denied Nazi atrocities,
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雖然政府大量推出否認 納粹暴行的全國廣播節目,
01:46
the Scholls learned shocking truths.
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索爾卻得知了震驚的真相。
01:49
And yet, they were still subject to the rules of life in Hitler’s Germany.
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但,他們身在希特勒的德國, 仍然要服從這些生存法則。
01:53
After the outbreak of war,
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在戰爭爆發之後,
01:55
Sophie reluctantly worked for the national effort,
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蘇菲很不情願地為國家效力,
01:58
and Hans had to take on army duties while attending medical school in Munich.
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漢斯有軍事的職責, 同時還去慕尼黑就讀醫學院。
02:02
That was where Hans met Christoph Probst, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell.
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在那裡,漢斯遇到了 克里斯托弗普羅布斯特、
威利格拉夫,和亞歷山大許墨瑞。
02:08
Day by day, each grew more sickened by Nazi ideology.
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隨著日子過去,他們都對 納粹思想越來越感到噁心。
02:12
They longed to share their views.
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他們渴望分享他們的觀點。
02:14
But how could they spread them, when it was impossible to know who to trust?
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但在不知道誰能相信的情況下, 他們要如何散播資訊?
02:18
And so, the friends decided to rebel anonymously.
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所以,這些朋友決定要匿名造反。
02:22
They pooled their money and bought printing materials.
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他們共同出資, 買了一些印刷材料。
02:25
An acquaintance let them use a cellar under his studio.
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一位熟人讓他們使用 他的工作室的地窖。
02:28
In secret, they began drafting their message.
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他們便秘密地開始 起草他們的訊息。
02:31
In June 1942, mysterious anti-Nazi leaflets began appearing all over Munich.
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1942 年六月,
神秘的反納粹傳單 開始出現在慕尼黑各地。
02:37
They were signed: the White Rose.
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傳單的簽名是:白玫瑰。
02:40
The first leaflet denounced Hitler
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最早的傳單指責希特勒
02:42
and called for Germans to sabotage the war effort:
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並呼籲德國人去破壞 德國為戰爭做的努力。
02:45
“Adopt passive resistance…
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「採用被動抗拒……
02:47
block the functioning of this atheistic war machine before it is too late,
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阻擋這個無神論戰爭機器的 運作,不要等到太遲了,
02:51
before the last city is a heap of rubble…
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不要等到最後一個城市 也變成一堆碎石……
02:54
before the last youth of our nation bleeds to death...
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不要等到我們國家的最後 一個青年也流血至死……
02:57
Don’t forget that each people gets the government it deserves!”
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別忘了,每個人 都會得到應有的政府!」
03:02
At a time when a sarcastic remark could constitute treason,
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在當時,諷刺的評論 就可能構成叛國罪,
03:05
this language was unprecedented.
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這種強烈言詞是前所未見的。
03:07
It was written mostly by Hans Scholl.
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大部分都是出自漢斯索爾之手。
03:10
In 1942, Sophie came to Munich knowing nothing of her brother’s activities.
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1942 年,蘇菲來到慕尼黑時 還不知道她哥哥的活動。
03:15
She soon encountered the leaflets at school.
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沒多久,她在學校就拿到了傳單。
03:17
But it was not until she discovered evidence in Han’s room
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但一直到她在漢斯的 房間中發現證據,
03:21
that she realized who’d written them.
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她才明白傳單是誰寫的。
03:23
Her shock soon gave way to resolve: she wanted in.
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她的震驚很快就 轉成決心:她要加入。
03:28
For both siblings, it was time to escalate the fury that had been brewing for years.
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對這對手足而言,
該是讓醞釀多年的暴怒 再更上一層樓的時候了。
03:33
From June 1942 to February 1943, the group worked feverishly.
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從 1942 年六月到 1943 年二月,
這個團體拼命努力。
03:40
While the Gestapo searched for leads,
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蓋世太保在尋找主謀人時,
03:42
the White Rose were constantly on guard.
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白玫瑰經常要保持警戒。
03:45
The war raged on. Regulations tightened, and Munich suffered air raids.
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戰爭延燒。
規定變得更嚴格,慕尼黑遭到空襲。
03:50
But the White Rose ventured deeper into conspiracy.
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但白玫瑰大膽地更深入謀叛。
03:53
They graffitied buildings and braved trains swarming with Gestapo.
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他們在建築上圖鴉,勇敢冒犯 載滿了蓋世太保的火車。
03:58
In the winter of 1942,
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1942 年冬天,
04:00
Hans made a treacherous journey to the Czechoslovakian border
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漢斯踏上一段叛變之旅, 前往捷克斯拉夫邊境,
04:04
to meet anti-Nazi rebels.
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去會見反納粹的反抗軍。
04:06
On February 18, 1943,
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1943 年二月十八日,
04:09
Sophie and Hans brought a suitcase of leaflets to their university.
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蘇菲和漢斯把一整個行李箱的 傳單帶到他們的大學。
04:13
A custodian noticed what they were doing and reported them to the Gestapo.
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監管人注意到他們的行為, 向蓋世太保告發。
04:17
Both calmly denied any involvement—
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兩人都冷靜地否認 參與任何行動——
04:19
until the police gathered all the leaflets and placed them back in the empty case,
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直到警方把所有的傳單都 收集起來,放回到空箱子中,
04:24
where they fit perfectly.
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空間完全符合。
04:27
When Hans and Sophie confessed,
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當蘇菲和漢斯坦承時,
04:29
they were immediately led to court and sentenced to death by guillotine.
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他們馬上被送上法庭 並判處上斷頭台的死刑。
04:33
Despite a grueling interrogation, the two refused to betray their co-conspirators.
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儘管受到嚴苛的審問, 他們兩人拒絕背叛他們的同謀。
04:39
Before her execution, Sophie declared her fury at the state of her country.
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在行刑之前,蘇菲聲明 她對於她的祖國的狀態感到憤怒。
04:44
But she also spoke to a more hopeful future:
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但她也說到更有希望的未來:
04:48
“How can we expect righteousness to prevail when there is hardly anyone
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「我們怎麼能期望正義會戰勝, 如果幾乎沒有任何人
04:52
willing to give himself up individually to a righteous cause?
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願意為了正義的大我 而放棄個人的小我?
04:56
Such a fine, sunny day, and I have to go,
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今天的天氣真好, 陽光普照,而我得走了,
05:00
but what does my death matter, if through us,
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但我的死又有什麼關係, 重要的是透過我們,
05:03
thousands of people are awakened and stirred to action?”
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能讓數千人覺醒並採取行動?」
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