The ancient origins of the Olympics - Armand D'Angour

2,348,956 views ใƒป 2015-09-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Thousands of years in the making,
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ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
00:14
what began as part of a religious festival honoring the Greek god Zeus
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื“ืชื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื–ืื•ืก
00:18
in the rural Greek town of Olympia
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื”
00:21
has today become the greatest show of sporting excellence on Earth.
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ื”ืคืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื•ืคืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:26
The inception date in 776 BC
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ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ 776 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:29
became the basis for the Greek's earliest calendar,
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ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:32
where time was marked in four-year increments called olympiads.
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ืฉื ื–ืžืŸ ืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ืœื™ืžื™ืคืื“ื•ืช.
00:37
What could it be?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
00:38
Why, it's the Olympic games, of course.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
00:41
Competition fosters excellence, or so thought the Ancient Greeks.
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ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื• ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
00:46
In addition to sporting events,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
00:47
contests were held for music, singing, and poetry.
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ื ืขืจื›ื• ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
00:51
You can read about them all yourself in classical literary works,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื,
00:55
like Homer's "Iliad" and Virgil's "Aeneid."
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ื›ืžื• ื”"ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”"ืื ืื™ื“" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’ื™ืœืก.
00:58
Even mythical heroes appreciate a good contest every now and then,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
01:02
wouldn't you say?
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
01:04
For the first thirteen games,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:06
the Ancient Greek Olympics featured just one event, the two hundred yard dash.
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ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืจืง ืืจื•ืข ืื—ื“, ืจื™ืฆืช ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจ.
01:11
But over time, new exciting contests,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
01:14
like boxing,
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ื›ืžื• ืื’ืจื•ืฃ,
01:15
chariot and mule racing,
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ืžืจื•ืฅ ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
01:18
and even a footrace where the competitors wore a full suit of armor
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืœื
01:22
enticed many hopeful champions into the Olympic stadium.
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ื•ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™.
01:27
The combined running,
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ืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืจื™ืฆื”,
01:28
jumping,
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ืงืคื™ืฆื”,
01:29
wrestling,
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ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
01:31
javelin throwing,
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ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ,
01:32
and hurling the discus events
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ื•ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืก ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
01:34
known as the pentathlon inspired world-class competition,
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืคื ื˜ื˜ืœื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
01:38
and the pankration,
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ื•ื”ืคื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืŸ,
01:40
a no holds barred fight where only biting and eye-gouging were prohibited,
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ืงืจื‘ ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืขืงื™ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:45
ensured the toughest men were victorious.
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื ืฆื—ื•.
01:48
And victorious they were.
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ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
01:50
Nobody tops the local baker Coroebus,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ ืงื•ืจื•ืื‘ื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
01:53
who 776 BC became the very first Olympic champion.
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ืฉื‘ 776 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:59
And we'll never forget Orsippus of Megara,
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ืื•ืจืกื™ืคื•ืก ืžืžื’ืจื”,
02:02
the 720 BC Olympic victor tore away his loincloth so he could race unimpeded,
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ื‘ 720 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืชืœืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื”,
02:09
inaugurating the Ancient Greek tradition of competing in the nude.
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื.
02:13
Now there's a winning streak, if ever we've seen one.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืจืฆืฃ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื—ื“.
02:16
But all good things must end.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืคื.
02:19
In 391 AD, the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius banned pagan practices,
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ื‘ 391 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืชืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื’ืื ื™ื™ื,
02:25
so the world soon bid a fond farewell to the Olympic games.
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื.
02:31
But just like those early pankration athletes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืคื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:33
you can't keep a good one down,
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:36
and 1500 years later in 1896,
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ื• 1500 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ 1896,
02:40
the modern Olympic games kicked off in Athens, Greece.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:45
Today, the Summer and Winter Olympics
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื
02:47
bring international world-class athletes together by the thousands,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ื,
02:53
uniting fans by the billions for the world's foremost sporting competition.
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ื•ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.
02:59
Citius, Altius, Fortius.
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ืกื™ื˜ื™ื•ืก, ืืœื˜ื™ื•ืก, ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืก.
03:02
Three cheers for the Olympics.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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