Does time exist? - Andrew Zimmerman Jones

7,305,540 views ใƒป 2018-10-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:20
The earliest time measurements were
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ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•
00:22
observations of cycles of the natural world,
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ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:25
using patterns of changes from day to night
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืœื”
00:28
and season to season to build calendars.
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ื•ืขื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื”.
00:31
More precise time-keeping, like sundials
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ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ
00:34
and mechanical clocks, eventually came along
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ื•ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
00:37
to put time in more convenient boxes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:40
But what exactly is it that weโ€™re measuring?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื?
00:43
Is time something that physically exists,
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ื”ืื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
00:45
or is it just in our heads?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•?
00:48
At first the answer seems obviousโ€”
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” --
00:50
of course time exists;
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื™ื;
00:51
it constantly unfolds all around us,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:54
and itโ€™s hard to imagine the universe without it.
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
00:57
But our understanding of time started
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
00:59
getting complicated thanks to Einstein.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:03
His theory of relativity tells us that time
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื–ืžืŸ
01:05
passes for everyone, but doesnโ€™t always pass
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ
01:08
at the same rate for people in different situations,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:11
like those travelling close to the speed of light
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉื ืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
01:14
or orbiting a supermassive black hole.
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ืื• ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:18
Einstein resolved the malleability of time
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ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:21
by combining it with space to define space-time,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ-ื—ืœืœ,
01:24
which can bend, but behaves in consistent, predictable ways.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืงื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:29
Einsteinโ€™s theory seemed to confirm that time
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžืืฉืจืช ืฉื–ืžืŸ
01:32
is woven into the very fabric of the universe.
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ืืจื•ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืืจื’ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:35
But thereโ€™s a big question it didnโ€™t fully resolve:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ืชืจืช:
01:39
why is it we can move through space in any direction,
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:42
but through time in only one?
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“?
01:44
No matter what we do, the past is always,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“,
01:48
stubbornly, behind us.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื™ืงืฉ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
01:50
This is called the arrow of time.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:53
When a drop of food coloring is
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืฆื‘ืข ืžืื›ืœ
01:55
dropped into a glass of water,
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ื ื–ืจืงืช ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ื,
01:57
we instinctively know that the coloring
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข
02:00
will drift out from the drop,
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ื™ืกื—ืฃ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”,
02:02
eventually filling the glass.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžืœื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืก.
02:04
Imagine watching the opposite happen.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:06
Here, weโ€™d recognize time as unfolding backwards.
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ืคื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืข ืื—ื•ืจื”.
02:11
We live in a universe where the food coloring
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืื›ืœ
02:13
spreads out in the water,
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ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื,
02:15
not a universe where it collects together.
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ืœื ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืืกืฃ.
02:18
In physics, this is described by
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ
02:20
the Second Law of Thermodynamics,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”,
02:23
which says that systems will gain disorder,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืื• ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”,
02:26
or entropy, over time.
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ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:28
Systems in our universe move from order to disorder,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจ ืœืื™ ืกื“ืจ,
02:32
and it is that property of the universe
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:34
that defines the direction of timeโ€™s arrow.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:38
So if time is such a fundamental property,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
02:41
it should be in our most fundamental equations
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:44
describing the universe, right?
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ืฉืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:46
We currently have two sets of
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื
02:48
equations that govern physics.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
02:49
General relativity describes the
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช
02:52
behavior of very large things,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:54
while quantum physics explains the very small.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:58
One of the biggest goals in theoretical physics
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช
03:00
over the last half century has been reconciling
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืœื‘
03:03
the two into one fundamental โ€œtheory of everything."
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ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœ"ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ" ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
03:08
There have been many attempts
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช
03:10
โ€”none yet provenโ€”
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-- ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื— --
03:12
and they treat time in different ways.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:14
Oddly enough, one contender called the Wheeler-DeWitt
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ-ื“ื•ื•ื™ื˜
03:18
equation, doesnโ€™t include time at all.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:21
Like all current theories of everything,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ,
03:23
that equation is speculative.
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:26
But as a thought experiment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
03:27
if it or a similarly time-starved equation
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืื—ืจืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ
03:31
turned out to be true, would that mean
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจืช ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ
03:33
that time doesnโ€™t exist, at the most fundamental level?
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ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช?
03:37
Could time just be some sort of illusion generated
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ื”ืื ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”
03:40
by the limitations of the way
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
03:42
we perceive the universe?
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
03:44
We donโ€™t yet know, but maybe thatโ€™s
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™
03:46
the wrong way of thinking about it.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:47
Instead of asking if time exists as a fundamental property,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
03:52
maybe it could exist as an emergent one.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช.
03:55
Emergent properties are things that donโ€™t exist
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
03:59
in individual pieces of a system,
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ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช,
04:01
but do exist for the system as a whole.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื›ืœืœ.
04:04
Each individual water molecule doesnโ€™t have a tide,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืช,
04:08
but the whole ocean does.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื™ืฉ.
04:10
A movie creates change through time by using
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ืกืจื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
04:13
a series of still images that appear to have a fluid,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืžื”,
04:17
continuous change between them.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
04:19
Flipping through the images fast enough,
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ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
04:21
our brains perceive the passage of time
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:24
from the sequence of still images.
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ืžืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:26
No individual frame of the movie changes
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ืืฃ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื”
04:29
or contains the passage of time,
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ืื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:32
but itโ€™s a property that comes out of how
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช
04:34
the pieces are strung together.
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ืžืื™ืš ืฉื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“.
04:37
The movement is real, yet also an illusion.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืฉืœื™ื”.
04:41
Could the physics of time somehow be a similar illusion?
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ื”ืื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฉืœื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”?
04:45
Physicists are still exploring these and other questions,
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:49
so weโ€™re far from a complete explanation.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื.
04:52
At least for the moment.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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