Why do honeybees love hexagons? - Zack Patterson and Andy Peterson

2,660,663 views ใƒป 2014-06-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Honeybees are fascinating creatures for a number of reasons:
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช:
00:11
their incredible work ethic,
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ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
00:12
the sugary sweet syrup they produce
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ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืค ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช
00:14
and their intricate social structure.
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:16
But another reason is that honeybees are, in fact,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:19
excellent mathematicians.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช.
00:21
Scientists claim the tiny insects can calculate angles,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:25
and can even comprehend the roundness of the Earth.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:28
But there's particular mathematical bee genius
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
00:31
behind the most important aspect of honeybee life: the hive.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”: ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช.
00:34
Just like humans, bees need food and shelter to stay alive.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื—ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:38
The hive is not only the bees' home,
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
00:41
but doubles as a place to store their honey.
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ืืœื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืžืงื•ื ืœืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:43
Since it's so central to survival,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
00:46
honeybees have to perfect the hive's architectural design.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช.
00:49
If you examine any piece of honeycomb,
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
00:52
you'll see that it's constructed from
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
00:54
tightly packed hexagonal, or six-sided, cells.
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ืžืชืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ืขื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช.
00:58
Of all the possible designs,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
00:59
why do honeybees choose this one?
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ืœืžื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”?
01:02
To understand, you need to think like a bee.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.
01:04
Bees need a secure place for their entire colony to live.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:08
Similarly, there needs to be a place
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื
01:10
where their nectar can be stored and ripened suitably
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื’ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื
01:13
until it turns into honey.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืฉ.
01:14
That means there's a need for some serious space efficiency.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
01:18
A good solution is to build little storage units, or cells,
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื›ืกื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืื• ืชืื™ื,
01:22
just big enough for a bee to fit into,
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก,
01:24
which can also double as the containers in which nectar is stored:
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ:
01:28
The bees' very own honey jars.
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ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
01:30
The next thing, is to decide what the little cells should be made out of.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื–ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืžื” ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
01:34
Bees don't have beaks or arms to pick up things,
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ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:37
but they are capable of producing wax.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”.
01:40
The thing is, producing it is a lot of hard work.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
01:43
Bees have to consume 8 ounces of honey
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื•ืš 225 ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ
01:45
to produce just 1 ounce of wax.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ 28 ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”.
01:48
So they don't want to waste it.
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื•ืชื”.
01:50
So, they need a design that allows them to store
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ืื–, ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืื’ื•ืจ
01:53
the largest possible amount of honey
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ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ
01:55
using the least amount of wax.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”.
01:57
What shape does that?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
01:59
Imagining for a minute that all bees had to
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•
02:01
attend architecture academy and go to math class.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:04
Let's say they asked their geometry teacher,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:06
"What shape would give us the most space to store our honey,
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"ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืื›ืกื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:10
but require the least amount of wax?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”?"
02:12
And then geometry teacher replied,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื ื”,
02:14
"The shape that you're seeking is the circle."
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"ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ."
02:16
Leaving the bees to return to their trial construction site
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
02:19
and begin building their honeycomb using circular cells.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
02:23
After a while, some of them might have noticed
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืœื‘
02:25
a problem with their design:
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ:
02:27
small gaps between the cells.
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ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื.
02:29
"We can't even fit in there! That's wasted space!"
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื! ื–ื” ื—ืœืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–!"
02:32
they might have thought.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
02:34
So, ignoring the geometry lesson,
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ืื–, ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
02:35
and taking matters into their own hands,
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ื”ืŸ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
02:38
the bees went back to the drawing board
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜
02:39
to rethink their beehive design.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช.
02:42
One suggested triangles,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื,
02:43
"We can use triangles. Look! They fit together perfectly."
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื. ืชืจืื•! ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื."
02:47
Another bee suggested squares.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
02:49
Finally, a third bee piped up and said,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื”,
02:52
"Pentagons don't seem to work, but hexagons do!
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"ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืŸ!
02:55
We want the one that will use the least amount of wax
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื•ื”
02:58
and be able to store the most amount of honey.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืื›ืกืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืฉ.
03:00
Yes, I think that's the hexagon."
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื•ืฉื”."
03:02
"Why?"
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"ืœืžื”?"
03:04
"It looks more like the circle than the others."
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"ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื."
03:06
"But how do we know for sure?"
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช?"
03:08
To find out, the industrious insect architects
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
03:10
calculated the areas of the triangle, the square and the hexagon
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื”
03:14
and found that the hexagon was, in fact,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
03:17
the shape that gave them the most storage space.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ.
03:20
They agreed on an ideal size and returned to work.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
03:23
The space efficient comb that is a bee's trademark today,
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:26
is probably the result of this trial and error,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื”,
03:28
but over long periods of evolutionary history.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:31
However, it paid off.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืœื.
03:33
Peek into any hive --
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ื”ืฆื™ืฆื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช --
03:34
with your protective goggles and netting on, of course --
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฉืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ --
03:37
and you'll see the end result: a beautiful compact honeycomb
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ื•ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ื—ืœื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ืช
03:40
that any architect would have be proud to design.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื” ืœืขืฆื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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