Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler

1,261,458 views ใƒป 2020-06-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืœืžืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Imagine we want to build a new space port
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืžืœ ื—ืœืœ ื—ื“ืฉ
00:09
at one of four recently settled Martian bases,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
00:13
and are holding a vote to determine its location.
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ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื•.
00:16
Of the hundred colonists on Mars, 42 live on West Base, 26 on North Base,
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ืžืชื•ืš 100 ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื, 42 ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, 26 ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
00:23
15 on South Base, and 17 on East Base.
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15 ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื•-17 ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
00:28
For our purposes, letโ€™s assume that everyone prefers the space port
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ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืฉื ืžืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
00:32
to be as close to their base as possible, and will vote accordingly.
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ื™ื™ืžืฆื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืชืื.
00:37
What is the fairest way to conduct that vote?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื•?
00:40
The most straightforward solution would be to just let each individual
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
00:44
cast a single ballot, and choose the location with the most votes.
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ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืคืชืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
00:48
This is known as plurality voting, or "first past the post."
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืื• "ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืช."
00:54
In this case, West Base wins easily,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
00:57
since it has more residents than any other.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ืจ.
00:59
And yet, most colonists would consider this the worst result,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:04
given how far it is from everyone else.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
01:07
So is plurality vote really the fairest method?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:12
What if we tried a system like instant runoff voting,
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ืžื” ืื ื ื ืกื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
01:15
which accounts for the full range of peopleโ€™s preferences
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ื”ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:19
rather than just their top choices?
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื?
01:21
Hereโ€™s how it would work.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
01:23
First, voters rank each of the options from 1 to 4,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืž-1 ืขื“ 4,
01:27
and we compare their top picks.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:29
South receives the fewest votes for first place, so itโ€™s eliminated.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
01:34
Its 15 votes get allocated to those votersโ€™ second choiceโ€”
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15 ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื -
01:39
East Baseโ€” giving it a total of 32.
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ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ - ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืกืš ืฉืœ 32.
01:43
We then compare top preferences and cut the last place option again.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘.
01:49
This time North Base is eliminated.
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ื”ืคืขื ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
01:51
Its residentsโ€™ second choice wouldโ€™ve been South Base,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
01:54
but since thatโ€™s already gone, the votes go to their third choice.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:59
That gives East 58 votes over Westโ€™s 42, making it the winner.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ 58 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 42 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ืฆื—.
02:05
But this doesnโ€™t seem fair either.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
02:08
Not only did East start out in second-to-last place,
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ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืกื•ืฃ,
02:11
but a majority ranked it among their two least preferred options.
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ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืจื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:16
Instead of using rankings, we could try voting in multiple rounds,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:20
with the top two winners proceeding to a separate runoff.
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.
02:25
Normally, this would mean West and North winning the first round,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:29
and North winning the second.
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ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™.
02:30
But the residents of East Base realize
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ืืš ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
02:33
that while they donโ€™t have the votes to win,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—,
02:36
they can still skew the results in their favor.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื.
02:39
In the first round, they vote for South Base instead of their own,
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื,
02:43
successfully keeping North from advancing.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
02:46
Thanks to this "tactical voting" by East Base residents,
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช "ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช" ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
02:50
South wins the second round easily, despite being the least populated.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœืก.
02:55
Can a system be called fair and good if it incentivizes lying
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ื”ืื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืฉืงืจ
02:59
about your preferences?
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืš?
03:01
Maybe what we need to do is let voters express a preference
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืขื“ืคื”
03:05
in every possible head-to-head matchup.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉ-ื‘ืจืืฉ ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:08
This is known as the Condorcet method.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจืกื”.
03:11
Consider one matchup: West versus North.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“: ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
03:15
All 100 colonists vote on their preference between the two.
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ื›ืœ 100 ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื“ืคืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:18
So that's West's 42 versus the 58 from North, South, and East,
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ืื– ืืœื” 42 ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ 58 ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—,
03:23
who would all prefer North.
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ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
03:25
Now do the same for the other five matchups.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:29
The victor will be whichever base wins the most times.
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ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžื ืฆื— ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:32
Here, North wins three and South wins two.
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:36
These are indeed the two most central locations,
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ื•ืืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:40
and North has the advantage of not being anyoneโ€™s least preferred choice.
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ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
03:45
So does that make the Condorcet method an ideal voting system in general?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจืกื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืช?
03:50
Not necessarily.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—.
03:53
Consider an election with three candidates.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื.
03:55
If voters prefer A over B, and B over C, but prefer C over A,
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ืื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช A ืขืœ ืคื ื™ B, ื•ืืช B ืขืœ ืคื ื™ C, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช C ืขืœ ืคื ื™ A,
04:01
this method fails to select a winner.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื›ื”.
04:04
Over the decades, researchers and statisticians have come up with
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•
04:08
dozens of intricate ways of conducting and counting votes,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
04:12
and some have even been put into practice.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœืคื•ืขืœ.
04:14
But whichever one you choose,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื•,
04:16
it's possible to imagine it delivering an unfair result.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช.
04:21
It turns out that our intuitive concept of fairness
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช
04:25
actually contains a number of assumptions that may contradict each other.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
04:29
It doesnโ€™t seem fair for some voters to have more influence than others.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:33
But nor does it seem fair to simply ignore minority preferences,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜,
04:38
or encourage people to game the system.
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ืื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื "ืœืกื“ืจ" ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
04:41
In fact, mathematical proofs have shown that for any election
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
04:45
with more than two options,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:47
itโ€™s impossible to design a voting system that doesnโ€™t violate
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื”
04:51
at least some theoretically desirable criteria.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
04:55
So while we often think of democracy as a simple matter of counting votes,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ืืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
05:00
itโ€™s also worth considering who benefits from the different ways of counting them.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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