Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler

1,293,622 views ・ 2020-06-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Imagine we want to build a new space port
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μƒˆ 우주 항ꡬλ₯Ό κ±΄μ„€ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:09
at one of four recently settled Martian bases,
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— κ°œμ²™ν•œ ν™”μ„± κΈ°μ§€ λ„€ ꡰ데 쀑 ν•œ 곳을
00:13
and are holding a vote to determine its location.
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νˆ¬ν‘œλ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:16
Of the hundred colonists on Mars, 42 live on West Base, 26 on North Base,
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ν™”μ„± κ±°μ£Όλ―Ό 100λͺ… μ€‘μ—μ„œ
μ„œμͺ½ 기지에 42λͺ…, 뢁μͺ½μ— 26λͺ…,
00:23
15 on South Base, and 17 on East Base.
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남μͺ½ 기지에 15λͺ…, 동μͺ½μ— 17λͺ…이 κ±°μ£Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
For our purposes, let’s assume that everyone prefers the space port
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μƒˆ 우주 κΈ°μ§€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ‘œ
00:32
to be as close to their base as possible, and will vote accordingly.
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μžμ‹ κ³Ό κ°€μž₯ κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ 곳을 μ„ ν˜Έν•˜κ³  그와 같이 νˆ¬ν‘œν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
00:37
What is the fairest way to conduct that vote?
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μ–΄λ–€ νˆ¬ν‘œ 방식이 κ°€μž₯ κ³΅ν‰ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:40
The most straightforward solution would be to just let each individual
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κ°€μž₯ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 방식은 일인당 ν•œ 개의 νˆ¬ν‘œκΆŒμ„ κ°€μ§€κ³ 
00:44
cast a single ballot, and choose the location with the most votes.
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ν‘œλ₯Ό κ°€μž₯ 많이 받은 곳으둜 μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
This is known as plurality voting, or "first past the post."
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이것을 β€˜λ‹€μˆ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμ œβ€™ ν˜Ήμ€, β€˜μƒλŒ€ λ‹€μˆ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμ œβ€™λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
In this case, West Base wins easily,
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이 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ„œμͺ½μ΄ μ‰½κ²Œ μ΄κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
since it has more residents than any other.
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κ±°μ£Όμžκ°€ 제일 λ§Žκ±°λ“ μš”.
00:59
And yet, most colonists would consider this the worst result,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™”μ„± 거주자 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ κ°€μž₯ λ‚˜μœ 결과라고 μ—¬κΈΈ 텐데
01:04
given how far it is from everyone else.
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μ„œμͺ½μ„ μ œμ™Έν•œ λͺ¨λ“  κ±°μ£Όμžμ™€μ˜ 거리가 λ©€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:07
So is plurality vote really the fairest method?
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그럼 정말 β€˜λ‹€μˆ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμ œβ€™κ°€ κ°€μž₯ κ³΅ν‰ν•œ νˆ¬ν‘œ λ°©μ‹μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:12
What if we tried a system like instant runoff voting,
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'즉석 κ²°μ„  νˆ¬ν‘œμ œ'λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
01:15
which accounts for the full range of people’s preferences
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κ°€μž₯ 뽑고 싢은 ν•œ 곳이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:19
rather than just their top choices?
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μ „μ²΄μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ„λ₯Ό λ”°μ§€λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Here’s how it would work.
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방법은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
First, voters rank each of the options from 1 to 4,
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λ¨Όμ € νˆ¬ν‘œμžλ“€μ΄ 1μœ„λΆ€ν„° 4μœ„κΉŒμ§€ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ—­ μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό λ§€κΈ°κ³ 
1μœ„λ₯Ό 받은 지역듀을 λΉ„κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
and we compare their top picks.
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01:29
South receives the fewest votes for first place, so it’s eliminated.
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남μͺ½μ€ μ΅œν•˜μœ„λ‘œ νƒˆλ½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Its 15 votes get allocated to those voters’ second choiceβ€”
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남μͺ½μ˜ 15ν‘œκ°€ 남μͺ½μ΄ λ§€κΈ΄ 2μœ„μ—κ²Œ κ°€λ©΄
01:39
East Baseβ€” giving it a total of 32.
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동μͺ½μ΄ 총 32ν‘œκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
We then compare top preferences and cut the last place option again.
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1μœ„ 지역듀을 λ‹€μ‹œ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κ³  μ΅œν•˜μœ„λ₯Ό νƒˆλ½μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
This time North Base is eliminated.
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” 뢁μͺ½μ΄ νƒˆλ½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Its residents’ second choice would’ve been South Base,
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뢁μͺ½μ΄ λ§€κΈ΄ 2μœ„λŠ” 남μͺ½μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
01:54
but since that’s already gone, the votes go to their third choice.
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남μͺ½μ€ 이미 νƒˆλ½ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν‘œλŠ” 뢁μͺ½μ΄ λ§€κΈ΄ 3μœ„μ—κ²Œ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
That gives East 58 votes over West’s 42, making it the winner.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ„œμͺ½μ˜ 42ν‘œλ₯Ό λ„˜κ³  동μͺ½μ΄ 58ν‘œλ‘œ μŠΉμžκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
But this doesn’t seem fair either.
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이것도 곡평해 보이진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
Not only did East start out in second-to-last place,
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동μͺ½μ΄ λ’€μ—μ„œ 두 번째둜 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:11
but a majority ranked it among their two least preferred options.
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λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ 동μͺ½μ„ 3, 4μœ„ 쀑 ν•œ 곳으둜 κ³¨λžκ±°λ“ μš”.
02:16
Instead of using rankings, we could try voting in multiple rounds,
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μˆœμœ„λ₯Ό λ§€κΈ°λŠ” 방식 λŒ€μ‹ μ— β€˜κ²°μ„  νˆ¬ν‘œμ œβ€™λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
with the top two winners proceeding to a separate runoff.
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처음 νˆ¬ν‘œμ—μ„œ μƒμœ„ λ“ν‘œν•œ 두 지역이 κ²°μ„  νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 방식이죠.
그러면 첫 번째 νˆ¬ν‘œλŠ” μ„œμͺ½κ³Ό 뢁μͺ½μ΄ 승자일 것이고
02:25
Normally, this would mean West and North winning the first round,
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02:29
and North winning the second.
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두 번째 νˆ¬ν‘œλŠ” 뢁μͺ½μ΄ μŠΉμžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
But the residents of East Base realize
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 동μͺ½ κ±°μ£Όμžκ°€ κ³§ μ•Œμ•„μ±„κ²Œ 될 사싀은
02:33
that while they don’t have the votes to win,
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νˆ¬ν‘œμ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•  순 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
02:36
they can still skew the results in their favor.
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μž…λ§›λŒ€λ‘œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
In the first round, they vote for South Base instead of their own,
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첫 번째 νˆ¬ν‘œμ—μ„œ μžμ‹ λ“€ λŒ€μ‹  남μͺ½μ„ λ½‘μœΌλ©΄
02:43
successfully keeping North from advancing.
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μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 뢁μͺ½μ„ 막을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Thanks to this "tactical voting" by East Base residents,
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동μͺ½ κ±°μ£Όμžλ“€μ˜ 'μ „λž΅μ  νˆ¬ν‘œ' 덕에
02:50
South wins the second round easily, despite being the least populated.
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κ°€μž₯ 인ꡬ가 적은 남μͺ½μ΄ 두 번째 νˆ¬ν‘œμ—μ„œ μ‰½κ²Œ μ΄κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
Can a system be called fair and good if it incentivizes lying
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μ„ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 속일 동기λ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ” 이 방식이 κ³΅ν‰ν•˜κ³  μ μ ˆν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:59
about your preferences?
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03:01
Maybe what we need to do is let voters express a preference
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ 방식은
λͺ¨λ“  후보가 μΌλŒ€μΌλ‘œ λŒ€κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
in every possible head-to-head matchup.
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03:08
This is known as the Condorcet method.
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이것을 '콩도λ₯΄μ„Έ 방식'이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
Consider one matchup: West versus North.
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μ„œμͺ½ λŒ€ 뢁μͺ½μ˜ λŒ€κ²°μ„ 예둜 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:15
All 100 colonists vote on their preference between the two.
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λͺ¨λ“  거주자 100λͺ…이 두 후보 쀑 μžμ‹ μ΄ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μͺ½μ„ νˆ¬ν‘œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
So that's West's 42 versus the 58 from North, South, and East,
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μ„œμͺ½μ˜ 42ν‘œμ™€ 뢁μͺ½, 남μͺ½, 동μͺ½μ˜ 58ν‘œκ°€ λŒ€κ²°ν•  텐데
03:23
who would all prefer North.
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그듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 뢁μͺ½μ„ μ„ ν˜Έν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Now do the same for the other five matchups.
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이와 같이 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 5κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:29
The victor will be whichever base wins the most times.
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μ–΄λŠ 지역이든 κ°€μž₯ 많이 이긴 μͺ½μ΄ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Here, North wins three and South wins two.
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뢁μͺ½μ΄ 3번 이기고 남μͺ½μ΄ 2번 μ΄κ²Όλ„€μš”.
03:36
These are indeed the two most central locations,
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두 μ§€μ—­ λ‹€ μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ 쀑심인데닀가
03:40
and North has the advantage of not being anyone’s least preferred choice.
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뢁μͺ½μ€ μ–΄λŠ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ 4μœ„λ₯Ό 받은 지역이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
So does that make the Condorcet method an ideal voting system in general?
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그럼 β€˜μ½©λ„λ₯΄μ„Έ 방식’이 일반적으둜 이상적인 νˆ¬ν‘œ λ°©μ‹μΌκΉŒμš”?
03:50
Not necessarily.
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κΌ­ κ·Έλ ‡μ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Consider an election with three candidates.
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μ–΄λ–€ 선거에 후보가 3λͺ…이라고 κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
03:55
If voters prefer A over B, and B over C, but prefer C over A,
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νˆ¬ν‘œκΆŒμžκ°€ A보닀 Bλ₯Ό, B보닀 Cλ₯Ό, 그리고 C보닀 Aλ₯Ό μ„ ν˜Έν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:01
this method fails to select a winner.
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이 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 승자λ₯Ό 가릴 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Over the decades, researchers and statisticians have come up with
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μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„κ°„ μ—°κ΅¬μžμ™€ ν†΅κ³„ν•™μžλ“€μ€ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜κ³  κ°œν‘œν•˜λŠ”
μˆ˜μ‹­ κ°€μ§€μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 방식을 μ œμ‹œν–ˆκ³ 
04:08
dozens of intricate ways of conducting and counting votes,
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04:12
and some have even been put into practice.
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λͺ‡ κ°œλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹œν–‰λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
But whichever one you choose,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–΄λ–€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜λ“ 
04:16
it's possible to imagine it delivering an unfair result.
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λΆˆκ³΅ν‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
It turns out that our intuitive concept of fairness
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곡평함에 λŒ€ν•œ 직관적인 κ°œλ…μ€
04:25
actually contains a number of assumptions that may contradict each other.
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사싀 μ„œλ‘œ λͺ¨μˆœλ  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ 좔정을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
It doesn’t seem fair for some voters to have more influence than others.
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일뢀가 더 큰 영ν–₯λ ₯을 κ°–λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄ 곡평해 보이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
But nor does it seem fair to simply ignore minority preferences,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ 선택을 κ·Έλƒ₯ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 것도 κ³΅ν‰ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
04:38
or encourage people to game the system.
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체계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λΌκ³  ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
In fact, mathematical proofs have shown that for any election
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사싀 μˆ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 증λͺ…ν•΄ 보면 후보가 λ‘˜ 이상인 μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ
04:45
with more than two options,
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04:47
it’s impossible to design a voting system that doesn’t violate
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μ–΄λ–€ νˆ¬ν‘œ 방식을 μ·¨ν•˜λ“ 
이둠적으둜 λ°”λžŒμ§ν•œ 기쀀을 λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ–΄κΈ°μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
at least some theoretically desirable criteria.
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04:55
So while we often think of democracy as a simple matter of counting votes,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ’…μ’… 민주주의λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λ‹€μˆ˜κ²°λ‘œλ§Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
05:00
it’s also worth considering who benefits from the different ways of counting them.
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μ–΄λ–€ νˆ¬ν‘œ λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œ λˆ„κ°€ 이읡을 볼지도 κ³ λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7