Which voting system is the best? - Alex Gendler

1,167,390 views ใƒป 2020-06-11

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
Imagine we want to build a new space port
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์ƒˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:09
at one of four recently settled Martian bases,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•œ ํ™”์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋„ค ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„
00:13
and are holding a vote to determine its location.
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ํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:16
Of the hundred colonists on Mars, 42 live on West Base, 26 on North Base,
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ํ™”์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 100๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ
์„œ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— 42๋ช…, ๋ถ์ชฝ์— 26๋ช…,
00:23
15 on South Base, and 17 on East Base.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— 15๋ช…, ๋™์ชฝ์— 17๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
For our purposes, letโ€™s assume that everyone prefers the space port
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ
00:32
to be as close to their base as possible, and will vote accordingly.
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์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํˆฌํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:37
What is the fairest way to conduct that vote?
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์–ด๋–ค ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํ‰ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:40
The most straightforward solution would be to just let each individual
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ผ์ธ๋‹น ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
00:44
cast a single ballot, and choose the location with the most votes.
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ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
This is known as plurality voting, or "first past the post."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ โ€˜๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ œโ€™ ํ˜น์€, โ€˜์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ œโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
In this case, West Base wins easily,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ์ชฝ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
since it has more residents than any other.
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๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๋งŽ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:59
And yet, most colonists would consider this the worst result,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธธ ํ…๋ฐ
01:04
given how far it is from everyone else.
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์„œ์ชฝ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:07
So is plurality vote really the fairest method?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ •๋ง โ€˜๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ œโ€™๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:12
What if we tried a system like instant runoff voting,
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'์ฆ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํˆฌํ‘œ์ œ'๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:15
which accounts for the full range of peopleโ€™s preferences
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฝ‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:19
rather than just their top choices?
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์ „์ฒด์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Hereโ€™s how it would work.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
First, voters rank each of the options from 1 to 4,
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๋จผ์ € ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž๋“ค์ด 1์œ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ณ 
1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
and we compare their top picks.
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01:29
South receives the fewest votes for first place, so itโ€™s eliminated.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ์€ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Its 15 votes get allocated to those votersโ€™ second choiceโ€”
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๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ 15ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ด ๋งค๊ธด 2์œ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
01:39
East Baseโ€” giving it a total of 32.
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๋™์ชฝ์ด ์ด 32ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
We then compare top preferences and cut the last place option again.
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1์œ„ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๋ฅผ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
This time North Base is eliminated.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Its residentsโ€™ second choice wouldโ€™ve been South Base,
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๋ถ์ชฝ์ด ๋งค๊ธด 2์œ„๋Š” ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
01:54
but since thatโ€™s already gone, the votes go to their third choice.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด ๋งค๊ธด 3์œ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
That gives East 58 votes over Westโ€™s 42, making it the winner.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ 42ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ณ  ๋™์ชฝ์ด 58ํ‘œ๋กœ ์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
But this doesnโ€™t seem fair either.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Not only did East start out in second-to-last place,
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๋™์ชฝ์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:11
but a majority ranked it among their two least preferred options.
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๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์„ 3, 4์œ„ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณจ๋ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:16
Instead of using rankings, we could try voting in multiple rounds,
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์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— โ€˜๊ฒฐ์„  ํˆฌํ‘œ์ œโ€™๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
with the top two winners proceeding to a separate runoff.
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์ฒ˜์Œ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋“ํ‘œํ•œ ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฒฐ์„  ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ์„œ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด ์Šน์ž์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:25
Normally, this would mean West and North winning the first round,
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02:29
and North winning the second.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด ์Šน์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
But the residents of East Base realize
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์ชฝ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๊ฒŒ ๋  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
02:33
that while they donโ€™t have the votes to win,
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ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆœ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
02:36
they can still skew the results in their favor.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…๋ง›๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
In the first round, they vote for South Base instead of their own,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‚จ์ชฝ์„ ๋ฝ‘์œผ๋ฉด
02:43
successfully keeping North from advancing.
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Thanks to this "tactical voting" by East Base residents,
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๋™์ชฝ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์˜ '์ „๋žต์  ํˆฌํ‘œ' ๋•์—
02:50
South wins the second round easily, despite being the least populated.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Can a system be called fair and good if it incentivizes lying
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์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์†์ผ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:59
about your preferences?
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03:01
Maybe what we need to do is let voters express a preference
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
๋ชจ๋“  ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in every possible head-to-head matchup.
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03:08
This is known as the Condorcet method.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ '์ฝฉ๋„๋ฅด์„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Consider one matchup: West versus North.
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์„œ์ชฝ ๋Œ€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:15
All 100 colonists vote on their preference between the two.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž 100๋ช…์ด ๋‘ ํ›„๋ณด ์ค‘ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
So that's West's 42 versus the 58 from North, South, and East,
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์„œ์ชฝ์˜ 42ํ‘œ์™€ ๋ถ์ชฝ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ, ๋™์ชฝ์˜ 58ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•  ํ…๋ฐ
03:23
who would all prefer North.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Now do the same for the other five matchups.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 5๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:29
The victor will be whichever base wins the most times.
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์–ด๋Š ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๊ธด ์ชฝ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Here, North wins three and South wins two.
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๋ถ์ชฝ์ด 3๋ฒˆ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ชฝ์ด 2๋ฒˆ ์ด๊ฒผ๋„ค์š”.
03:36
These are indeed the two most central locations,
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๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ค ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:40
and North has the advantage of not being anyoneโ€™s least preferred choice.
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๋ถ์ชฝ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
So does that make the Condorcet method an ideal voting system in general?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ โ€˜์ฝฉ๋„๋ฅด์„ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹โ€™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:50
Not necessarily.
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Consider an election with three candidates.
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์–ด๋–ค ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ 3๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:55
If voters prefer A over B, and B over C, but prefer C over A,
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ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ A๋ณด๋‹ค B๋ฅผ, B๋ณด๋‹ค C๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  C๋ณด๋‹ค A๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:01
this method fails to select a winner.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Over the decades, researchers and statisticians have come up with
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š”
์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:08
dozens of intricate ways of conducting and counting votes,
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04:12
and some have even been put into practice.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
But whichever one you choose,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋“ 
04:16
it's possible to imagine it delivering an unfair result.
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๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
It turns out that our intuitive concept of fairness
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๊ณตํ‰ํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
04:25
actually contains a number of assumptions that may contradict each other.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
It doesnโ€™t seem fair for some voters to have more influence than others.
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์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
But nor does it seem fair to simply ignore minority preferences,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:38
or encourage people to game the system.
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์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
In fact, mathematical proofs have shown that for any election
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ
04:45
with more than two options,
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04:47
itโ€™s impossible to design a voting system that doesnโ€™t violate
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์–ด๋–ค ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋“ 
์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
at least some theoretically desirable criteria.
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04:55
So while we often think of democracy as a simple matter of counting votes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:00
itโ€™s also worth considering who benefits from the different ways of counting them.
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์–ด๋–ค ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณผ์ง€๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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