How to get a word added to the dictionary - Ilan Stavans

439,383 views ใƒป 2021-05-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
โ€œDictionary:โ€ noun, โ€œa malevolent literary device
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โ€œืžื™ืœื•ืŸโ€: ืฉื ืขืฆื, โ€œืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™
00:10
for cramping the growth of a language and making it hard and inelastic.โ€
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ืœื“ื—ื™ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ืืœืกื˜ื™ืชโ€.
00:15
โ€œLexicographer:โ€ noun, โ€œa writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge.โ€
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โ€œืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืฃโ€: ืฉื ืขืฆื, โ€œื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื; ืžืฉืจืช ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงโ€.
00:22
While the concept of a dictionary dates back to ancient civilizations,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
00:26
the first English dictionary was published by Robert Cawdrey in 1604.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ื•ื“ืจื™ ื‘-1604.
00:33
In the centuries that followed,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
00:35
many more dictionaries were written by individual authors
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื
00:38
who chose what to include or exclude.
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ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืžื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื•ืžื” ืœื.
00:42
They not only defined words, they openly showcased their creatorsโ€™ opinionsโ€”
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชื•ื— --
00:47
like Ambrose Bierceโ€™s definition of โ€œdictionaryโ€
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœโ€œืžื™ืœื•ืŸโ€ ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ืจื•ื– ื‘ื™ืจืก
00:51
and Samuel Johnsonโ€™s definition of โ€œlexicographer.โ€
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœโ€œืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคืจโ€ ืฉืœ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
00:54
After their authors deaths, many of these dictionaries quickly became outdated.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:59
But one 19th century dictionary had a different fate.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื—ืจ.
01:04
In 1828, American lawyer and author Noah Webster published
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ื‘-1828, ืคืจืกื ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื ื•ื— ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ
01:10
โ€œAn American Dictionary of the English Languageโ€ with a lofty goal:
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โ€œืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขืœื”:
01:14
to give the United States its own version of the English language.
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ืœืชืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:19
He believed that as a new nation,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืื•ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:21
the United States needed its own distinct version of English
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ืจืกื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช
01:25
to assert its independence from Britain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:29
In his dictionary, Webster sought to describe and officialize
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืจืฆื” ืœืชืืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจืฉืžื™ืช
01:32
the way Americans spoke.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•.
01:35
Most dictionaries in Websterโ€™s time were prescriptive:
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื—ื™ื:
01:38
they dictated how words should be used,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื• ืื™ืš ืžื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
01:41
rather than documenting the way people actually used language in daily life.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
01:47
When Webster broke this convention and included slang words in his dictionary,
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ื›ืฉื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืกืœื ื’ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
01:52
critics accused him of polluting the English language.
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ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:56
But he argued that these words captured local variations of languageโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” --
02:01
a vital part of what made American English unique.
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ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
02:07
He also believed spelling rules were unnecessarily complex,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœื™ ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:11
and that we should write the way we speak as much as possible.
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
02:15
Still, Websterโ€™s own opinions influenced the words he included
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ืœืœื•
02:19
and the way he defined them.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:21
He excluded slang words from Black communities
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืกืœื ื’ ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
02:25
because he didnโ€™t consider them proper.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช.
02:27
And when he defined โ€œwoman,โ€
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ โ€œืื™ืฉื”,โ€
02:29
he added that โ€œwomen are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉโ€œื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืชโ€.
02:35
By the time of his death, Noah Webster was a household name.
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ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•, ื ื•ื— ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžื•ื›ืจ.
02:40
Seeing a lucrative business opportunity,
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ื›ืฉืจืื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
02:42
brothers George and Charles Merriam bought the rights to Websterโ€™s Dictionary.
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ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื•ืฆโ€™ืจืœืก ืžืจื™ื ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ.
02:48
Together with Websterโ€™s son-in-law, the Merriams made a new, revised edition.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช.
02:53
It was the beginning of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื-ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ.
02:57
Today, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary begins to address
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื-ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
03:00
a contradiction in Websterโ€™s goal:
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ืขื ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ:
03:03
he wanted to represent an entire nation,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื”,
03:05
but he based his work on just one personโ€™s opinion: his own.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“: ืฉืœื•.
03:10
Since Websterโ€™s death, each new edition of the dictionary has been curated
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ืžืื– ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ, ื›ืœ ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื ืืฆืจื”
03:14
by a group of language experts rather than by a single authority.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืฉืคื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
03:19
The current criteria for including a word in the dictionary
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ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
03:22
are that it has โ€œwidespread, sustained, and meaningful use.โ€
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ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื โ€œื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘, ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชโ€.
03:26
This clearly includes profanities,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ืกื•ืช,
03:29
which were sometimes excluded from dictionaries in the past.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:33
Racial slurs also meet the criteria for inclusion,
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ืงืœืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœืœื”,
03:37
but some argue that including them might legitimize them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœืœืชืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”.
03:41
Dictionaries donโ€™t just add new wordsโ€”
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
03:44
they also redefine old words to reflect changing attitudes and usage.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
03:49
One 1736 dictionary defined โ€œwifeโ€ as โ€œa married woman whose will,
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ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืž-1736 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œืื™ืฉื” (wife)โ€ ื›โ€œืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
03:55
in the judgment of the law, is subject to the will of her husband:
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื”:
03:59
for which reason a wife is said to have no will.โ€
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸโ€.
04:03
Today, โ€œwifeโ€ is defined simply as โ€œa female partner in a marriage.โ€
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ื”ื™ื•ื, โ€œืื™ืฉื”โ€ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›โ€œืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืโ€.
04:08
In 2019, Merriam-Websterโ€™s word of the year was โ€œthey.โ€
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ื‘-2019, ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื•ื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” โ€œื”ืโ€ - They.
04:13
The word has been in regular use for centuries,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
04:16
but has only recently gained a new recognized meaning,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
04:20
as a pronoun for one person whose gender identity is nonbinary.
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ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
04:25
The question of which words belong in the dictionary impacts all of usโ€”
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• --
04:30
when our words and definitions are represented, theyโ€™re affirmed;
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ืฉืจืจื•ืช;
04:35
if not, theyโ€” and weโ€” are minimized.
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ืื ืœื, ื”ืŸ -- ื•ืื ื—ื ื• -- ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:38
Today, lexicographers have expanded word sourcing
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
04:42
to include the dictionaryโ€™s users: tracking which words are most searched,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ: ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:47
and adding them to the dictionary.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ.
04:49
So, who decides whatโ€™s in the dictionary?
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ืื–, ืžื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ?
04:52
More than ever before the answer is: we do.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืื ื—ื ื•.
04:56
All of us shape language every day.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:59
When we collectively embrace one word or redefine another,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจืช,
05:04
eventually, those words and meanings are reflected in our dictionaries.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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