How to get a word added to the dictionary - Ilan Stavans

419,173 views ・ 2021-05-04

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Grace Choi κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
β€œDictionary:” noun, β€œa malevolent literary device
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β€œμ‚¬μ „:” λͺ…사, β€œμ•…μ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ–΄λ ΅κ³  μœ΅ν†΅μ„± μ—†κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 문학적 μž₯치.”
00:10
for cramping the growth of a language and making it hard and inelastic.”
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00:15
β€œLexicographer:” noun, β€œa writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge.”
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β€œμ‚¬μ „ 편찬자:” λͺ…사, β€œμ‚¬μ „μ„ μ“°λŠ” μž‘κ°€; λ¬΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  λ‹¨μ‘°λ‘œμš΄ 일.”
00:22
While the concept of a dictionary dates back to ancient civilizations,
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μ‚¬μ „μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ€ κ³ λŒ€ λ¬Έλͺ…을 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:26
the first English dictionary was published by Robert Cawdrey in 1604.
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졜초의 μ˜μ–΄ 사전은 1604λ…„, λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ μ½”λ“œλ¦¬κ°€ μΆœνŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
In the centuries that followed,
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κ·Έλ’€λ‘œ μ„ΈκΈ°λ₯Ό 거쳐 λ§Žμ€ κ°œμΈλ“€μ΄ 사전을 μΆœνŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
many more dictionaries were written by individual authors
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00:38
who chose what to include or exclude.
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어λ₯Ό 포함할지 ν˜Ήμ€ μ œμ™Έν• μ§€λ₯Ό μ •ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
00:42
They not only defined words, they openly showcased their creators’ opinionsβ€”
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그듀은 단어λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μžμ‹ μ˜ 생각을 ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:47
like Ambrose Bierce’s definition of β€œdictionary”
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μ•°λΈŒλ‘œμŠ€ λΉ„μ–΄μŠ€μ˜ β€œμ‚¬μ „β€μ˜ μ •μ˜λ‚˜
00:51
and Samuel Johnson’s definition of β€œlexicographer.”
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μ‚¬λ¬΄μ—˜ 쑴슨의 β€œμ‚¬μ „ νŽΈμ°¬μžβ€œμ˜ μ •μ˜μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
00:54
After their authors deaths, many of these dictionaries quickly became outdated.
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μž‘κ°€λ“€μ΄ μ£½κ³  λ‚˜μž λ§Žμ€ 사전듀은 μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ„νƒœλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
But one 19th century dictionary had a different fate.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 19μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ ν•œ 사전은 λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
In 1828, American lawyer and author Noah Webster published
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1828λ…„, ν•œ 미ꡭ인 λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬κ²Έ μž‘κ°€μΈ λ…Έμ•„ μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°κ°€
01:10
β€œAn American Dictionary of the English Language” with a lofty goal:
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μ•„μ£Ό μ›λŒ€ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ β€œλ―Έκ΅­μ‹ μ˜μ–΄μ‚¬μ „β€œμ„ μΆœνŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
to give the United States its own version of the English language.
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λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 미ꡭ만의 λ―Έκ΅­μ‹μ˜ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μ§€μš”.
01:19
He believed that as a new nation,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ΅­κ°€λ‘œμ„œ
01:21
the United States needed its own distinct version of English
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—κ²Œ λšœλ ·ν•œ λ―Έκ΅­μ‹μ˜ μ˜μ–΄κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 게
01:25
to assert its independence from Britain.
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μ˜κ΅­μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 식민지 νƒˆμΆœμ„ ν™•κ³ νžˆ ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
In his dictionary, Webster sought to describe and officialize
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°λŠ” 그의 μ‚¬μ „μ—μ„œ 미ꡭ인이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  κ³΅μΈν•˜κΈΈ μΆ”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
the way Americans spoke.
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01:35
Most dictionaries in Webster’s time were prescriptive:
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°κ°€ μ‚΄λ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ λ§Žμ€ 사전듀은 κΆŒμœ„μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
they dictated how words should be used,
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μΌμƒμ˜ μ‹€μ œ μ–Έμ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μ„ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜κΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
01:41
rather than documenting the way people actually used language in daily life.
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λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
When Webster broke this convention and included slang words in his dictionary,
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°κ°€ 이 κ΄€λ‘€λ₯Ό μ–΄κΈ°κ³  그의 사전에 속어λ₯Ό λ”ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:52
critics accused him of polluting the English language.
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평둠가듀은 κ·Έκ°€ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό λ”λŸ½νžŒλ‹€κ³  λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
But he argued that these words captured local variations of languageβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·ΈλŠ” 이 단어듀이 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ 지역별 변이라고 μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
a vital part of what made American English unique.
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미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό νŠΉλ³„ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ”λ° κΌ­ ν•„μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄이라고 λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
02:07
He also believed spelling rules were unnecessarily complex,
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또 κ·ΈλŠ” μ² μžλ²•μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λΆˆν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
and that we should write the way we speak as much as possible.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ¨μ•Όν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
02:15
Still, Webster’s own opinions influenced the words he included
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°μ˜ 생각이 사전에 ν¬ν•¨λœ 단어와 μ •μ˜μ— 영ν–₯을 μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
and the way he defined them.
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02:21
He excluded slang words from Black communities
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κ·ΈλŠ” 흑인 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ—μ„œ μ“°λŠ” 속어듀은 μ‚¬μ „μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
because he didn’t consider them proper.
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έ 속어듀이 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
02:27
And when he defined β€œwoman,”
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그리고 κ·Έκ°€ β€œμ—¬μ„±β€œμ„ μ •μ˜ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
02:29
he added that β€œwomen are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible.”
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β€œμ—¬μ„±λ“€μ€ μˆœν•˜κ³  μ˜¨ν™”ν•˜κ³  λΆˆμŒν•˜κ³  μœ μ—°ν•˜λ‹€.”라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
By the time of his death, Noah Webster was a household name.
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κ·Έκ°€ μ£½μ—ˆμ„ 땐 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 그의 이름을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Seeing a lucrative business opportunity,
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μˆ˜μ΅μ„±μ΄ 쒋은 사업 기회λ₯Ό 보고
02:42
brothers George and Charles Merriam bought the rights to Webster’s Dictionary.
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쑰지와 찰슀 메리엄 ν˜•μ œλŠ” μ›ΉμŠ€ν„° 사전을 μ‚¬λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Together with Webster’s son-in-law, the Merriams made a new, revised edition.
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°μ˜ μ‚¬μœ„μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 메리엄 ν˜•μ œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ, μ›ΉμŠ€ν„° 사전 κ°œμ •νŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
It was the beginning of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
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메리엄-μ›ΉμŠ€ν„° μ‚¬μ „μ˜ μ‹œμ΄ˆμ˜€μ§€μš”.
02:57
Today, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary begins to address
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 메리엄-μ›ΉμŠ€ν„° 사전은 μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œμ˜ λͺ¨μˆœμ— λ§Ÿμ„œκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
a contradiction in Webster’s goal:
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03:03
he wanted to represent an entire nation,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό λŒ€ν‘œν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:05
but he based his work on just one person’s opinion: his own.
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그의 결과물은 κ·Έ μžμ‹ , ν•œμ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ˜κ²¬λ§Œμ— κΈ°λ°˜μ„ 두고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Since Webster’s death, each new edition of the dictionary has been curated
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μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°κ°€ μ‚¬λ§ν•˜κ³  λ‚œ 뒀에 μΆœνŒλ˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  사전은
03:14
by a group of language experts rather than by a single authority.
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ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ κΆŒμœ„ λŒ€μ‹  λ§Žμ€ μ–Έμ–΄ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€μ˜ κ²€ν† λ₯Ό κ±°μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
The current criteria for including a word in the dictionary
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μ§€κΈˆ 사전에 단어λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 기쀀은
03:22
are that it has β€œwidespread, sustained, and meaningful use.”
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단어가 β€œλ„λ¦¬ μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있고, μΌκ΄€λ˜κ³ , 의미있게 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€β€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
This clearly includes profanities,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš•λ„ ν¬ν•¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
which were sometimes excluded from dictionaries in the past.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§„ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬μ „λ“€μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:33
Racial slurs also meet the criteria for inclusion,
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인쒅차별적인 단어듀도 이 기쀀에 λΆ€ν•©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
but some argue that including them might legitimize them.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것을 사전에 λ„£λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 건 ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ •ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Dictionaries don’t just add new wordsβ€”
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사전듀은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어λ₯Ό λ”ν•˜λŠ” 일만 ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
they also redefine old words to reflect changing attitudes and usage.
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사전은 였래된 λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€μ˜ μ •μ˜λ“€μ„ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ 흐름에 맞좰 λ°”κΏ”λ‚˜κ°€κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€μš”.
03:49
One 1736 dictionary defined β€œwife” as β€œa married woman whose will,
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1736년에 적힌 ν•œ 사전은 β€œμ•„λ‚΄β€œλ₯Ό β€œκ²°ν˜Όν•œ μ—¬μž,
03:55
in the judgment of the law, is subject to the will of her husband:
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ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ„ νƒμ˜ μ˜μ§€λ₯Ό λ‚¨νŽΈμ—κ²Œ λ„˜κ²¨μ€€ μ—¬μž.
03:59
for which reason a wife is said to have no will.”
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ•„λ‚΄λŠ” μ„ νƒμ˜ μ˜μ§€κ°€ μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒβ€ 이라고 μ •μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Today, β€œwife” is defined simply as β€œa female partner in a marriage.”
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , β€œμ•„λ‚΄β€œλŠ” κ·Έμ € β€œκ²°ν˜Όν•œ μƒλŒ€μ€‘ μ—¬μžμΈ μͺ½β€œ 이라고 μ •μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
In 2019, Merriam-Webster’s word of the year was β€œthey.”
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2019년도, 메리엄-μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°μ˜ μ˜¬ν•΄μ˜ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” β€œκ·Έλ“€β€ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
The word has been in regular use for centuries,
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 많이 μ“°μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
04:16
but has only recently gained a new recognized meaning,
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μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λœ»μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λœμ§€λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
as a pronoun for one person whose gender identity is nonbinary.
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λ…Όλ°”μ΄λ„ˆλ¦¬(μ–΄λŠμͺ½ 성이 μ•„λ‹Œ)인 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 인칭 λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬λ‘œ λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
04:25
The question of which words belong in the dictionary impacts all of usβ€”
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사전에 μ–΄λ–€ 단어가 μ†ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
when our words and definitions are represented, they’re affirmed;
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단어와 μ •μ˜κ°€ 사전에 싀렸을 λ•Œ, 그건 ν™•μΈλœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
if not, theyβ€” and weβ€” are minimized.
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ 싀리지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ κ·Έλ“€, 그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬΄μ‹œλœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
Today, lexicographers have expanded word sourcing
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 사전 νŽΈμ°¬μžλ“€μ€ 단어 곡급원을 ν™•μž₯μ‹œμΌœ
04:42
to include the dictionary’s users: tracking which words are most searched,
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μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀을 제일 많이 κ²€μƒ‰ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ 보고 κ·Έ 단어듀을 사전에 λ”ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
04:47
and adding them to the dictionary.
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사전 μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ„ ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
So, who decides what’s in the dictionary?
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그럼 사전에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” λˆ„κ°€ κ²°μ •ν• κΉŒμš”?
04:52
More than ever before the answer is: we do.
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μ˜ˆμ „κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ, 닡은 우리 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
All of us shape language every day.
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 맀일 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λΉšμ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
When we collectively embrace one word or redefine another,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νž˜μ„ 합쳐 ν•œ 단어λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€μ‹œ μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
05:04
eventually, those words and meanings are reflected in our dictionaries.
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κ²°κ΅­ κ·Έ 단어듀과 λœ»μ€ 우리의 사전에 반영될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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