What is verbal irony? - Christopher Warner

2,057,151 views ใƒป 2013-03-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Great weather we're having!
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ!
00:17
Awesome job!
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”!
00:19
You're a tremendous athlete!
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ืืชื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”!
00:22
Compliments, right?
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ืืœื• ืžื—ืžืื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:25
Well, maybe.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™.
00:27
Depending on the attitude
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”
00:28
and tone of voice behind these lines,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจื™ื,
00:31
they very well may be compliments.
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ืืœื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืื•ืช.
00:33
They may also be, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
00:35
pointed and attacking lines.
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ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช.
00:37
This slight change of attitude behind the lines
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื
00:40
reveals what we call verbal irony.
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ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช".
00:44
So when someone says, "Great weather we're having,"
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื™ื–ื” ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ",
00:48
it is quite possible that the person really means that
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš
00:52
if the sun is shining,
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ืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช,
00:53
the birds are singing,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืช,
00:54
and the wind is calm.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืขื™ืžื”.
00:56
But if the weather is horrible,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื•ื,
00:58
the clouds are looming,
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ืกื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื,
00:59
and the wind is a raging tempest,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื–ื•ืขืคืช,
01:01
and someone says, "Great weather we're having,"
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื– ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื™ื–ื” ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ",
01:05
he probably doesn't actually mean that.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš.
01:07
He probably means that the weather is horrible,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจื,
01:10
but he has said the opposite.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
01:12
This is verbal irony
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ื–ืืช ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช:
01:15
when the speaker says the opposite of what he means.
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
01:18
I know what you're thinking.
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01:18
Isn't this sarcasm,
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
"ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช?
01:20
isn't the speaker being sarcastic?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื ื™?"
01:22
Yes.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:23
When a speaker says the opposite of what he means,
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
01:25
that is verbal irony.
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ื–ื• ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
01:28
When a speaker then goes the step farther
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ
01:30
to mean the opposite of what he says
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘
01:32
and seeks to be a little pointed and mean,
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืข,
01:35
like he's making fun of something,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืขื’ ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
01:37
then you have sarcasm.
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ื–ื• ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:38
Take the second example:
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
01:40
"Awesome job!"
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"ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”!"
01:41
Someone accomplishing his life-long dream:
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืช ื—ืœื•ื-ื—ื™ื™ื•:
01:43
awesome!
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ื™ื•ืคื™!
01:44
Someone winning a sports championship:
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜:
01:46
awesome!
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ื™ื•ืคื™!
01:47
Someone rear-ends another car:
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช:
01:50
not awesome.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืคื™.
01:52
So when the passenger says, "Awesome job!"
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ื•ืกืข ืื•ืžืจ, "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคื”!"
01:56
they probably mean the opposite
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžื›ืš
01:57
with a hint of poking fun.
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ืขื ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™.
02:00
That is verbal irony and that is sarcastic.
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ื–ืืช ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:03
"You're a talented athlete," said to an Olympian:
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ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™, "ืืชื” ืืชืœื˜ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ",
02:06
authentic, no verbal irony present.
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ื–ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ื›ื ื” ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
02:09
Said to the klutzy kid tripping into English class
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ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœ ืฉื›ื•ืฉืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
02:11
and spilling his books and pencil case all over the room,
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ื•ืฉื•ืžื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืœืžืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”,
02:14
now that is just harsh and verbally ironic
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ื–ืืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
02:18
because what you said is not what you meant.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
02:21
That is verbal irony.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
02:23
You have said the opposite of what you mean.
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ืืžืจืชื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื.
02:25
Additionally, since you have the intention
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื
02:27
of mocking this poor person,
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ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
02:29
you have not only been verbally ironic,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
02:31
but sarcastic as well.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:34
Beware, though.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื•.
02:35
While all sarcasm fits the definition of verbal irony,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
02:38
not all verbal irony is sarcastic.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
02:42
Verbal irony is where what is meant
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ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
02:44
is the opposite of what is said,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ,
02:46
while sarcasm adds that little punch of attitude.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื’ืกื•ืช.
02:50
There are times, though,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืขืชื™ื,
02:51
where another layer of meaning can be present
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
02:53
without that sarcastic tone.
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ืœืœื ื ื™ืžื” ืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
02:56
Alright, now go out there
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื›ืขืช ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
02:58
and find those examples of verbal irony and sarcasm.
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ื•ืžื™ืฆืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:02
Good luck!
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ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”!
03:04
No, seriously, I mean it, good luck.
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ืœื, ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”!
03:06
No, no, really,
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ืœื, ืœื. ื‘ืืžืช.
03:07
I truly want to wish you luck on this difficult task.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื—ืœ ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:11
Ok, ok, sincerely good luck.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช.
03:13
You can do it!
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”!
03:14
No verbal irony here.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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