Why is meningitis so dangerous? - Melvin Sanicas

3,007,306 views ใƒป 2018-11-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In 1987, tens of thousands of people
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ื‘ 1987, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:09
gathered in Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj pilgrimage.
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ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืื’'.
00:14
But what started out as a celebration led to a health crisis:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื›ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช:
00:18
just a few days after the pilgrimage,
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ,
00:20
more than 2,000 cases of meningitis broke out
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2000 ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืคืจืฆื•
00:24
spreading across Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:28
The outbreak was so fierce
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ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”
00:30
that it was believed to have sparked a wave of deadly meningitis epidemics
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ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช
00:34
that ultimately infected tens of thousands of people worldwide.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:40
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges,
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ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—,
00:43
three tissue layers responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจืงืžื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
00:48
What makes meningitis so dangerous compared to other diseases
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:52
is the sheer speed with which it invades a personโ€™s body.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
00:56
In the worst cases, it causes death within a day.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื.
00:59
Fortunately, thatโ€™s rare for patients who receive early medical treatment.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
01:04
The disease primarily comes in three forms:
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
01:07
fungal, viral, and bacterial-- the last being the most deadly by far,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช -- ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
01:12
and what weโ€™ll focus on.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื ืชืžืงื“.
01:15
People usually contract bacterial meningitis by breathing in
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช
01:18
tiny particles of mucus and saliva that spray into the air
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ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืจ ืื• ืจื•ืง ืฉืžืจื•ืกืกื™ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ
01:22
when an infected person sneezes or coughs.
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ื ื’ื•ืข ืžืชืขื˜ืฉ ืื• ืžืฉืชืขืœ.
01:26
It can also be transmitted through kissing,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช,
01:28
or sharing cigarettes, toothbrushes or utensils.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื›ื•"ื.
01:32
Some people can be infected and carry the disease
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื•ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”
01:35
without showing symptoms or getting sick,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืช,
01:38
which helps the disease spread quickly to others.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
01:41
Once the bacteria enter the nose, mouth, and throat,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืืฃ, ืœืคื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ืŸ,
01:45
they cross the surrounding membranes and enter the bloodstream.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
01:48
From there, bacteria have rapid access to the bodyโ€™s tissues
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ืžืฉื, ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:53
--including a membrane called the blood-brain barrier.
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-- ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื“ื-ืžื•ื—.
01:56
This is made of a tight mesh of cells which separate blood vessels from the brain,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืจืฉืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืœืžื•ื—,
02:01
and block everything except for a specific set of particles,
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืžืช ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืกื˜ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:05
including water molecules and some gases.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื–ื™ื.
02:09
But in ways that scientists are still trying to understand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
02:12
meningitis bacteria can trick the barrier into letting them through.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
02:17
Inside the brain, the bacteria swiftly infect the meninges.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื ื’ืก.
02:21
This triggers inflammation as the bodyโ€™s immune response kicks into overdrive,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื›ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื™ืชืจ,
02:26
bringing on fever and intense headaches.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื—ื•ื ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืขื–ื™ื.
02:29
As swelling in the meninges worsens, the neck begins to stiffen.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ื ื’ืก ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช.
02:33
Swelling in the brain disrupts its normal function--
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ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• --
02:35
causing symptoms like hearing loss and extreme light sensitivity.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจ.
02:40
As pressure increases in the cranium, it may also make the person confused--
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ --
02:45
one of the hallmarks of the disease.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
02:47
A few hours in, the rapidly multiplying bacteria start to release toxins,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืจืขืœื ื™ื,
02:52
leading to septicemia, also known as blood poisoning.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืœื— ื“ื, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ื”ืจืขืœืช ื“ื.
02:57
This breaks down blood vessels,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืจืง ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
02:59
letting blood seep out and form what starts out looking like a rash,
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ื—ื”,
03:03
and evolves into big discoloured blots beneath the skin.
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ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ืœื›ืชืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ.
03:08
At the same time, these toxins burn through oxygen in the blood,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ื,
03:12
reducing the amount that gets to major organs like the lungs and kidneys.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:17
That increases the chance of organ shut down
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื›ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื
03:20
--and alongside spreading septicemia, threatens death.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืœื— ื”ื“ื, ืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:24
That all sounds scary, but doctors are so good at treating meningitis
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—
03:29
that a visit to the hospital can drastically reduce an adultโ€™s risk of dying from it.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื”.
03:34
The longer itโ€™s left untreated, though,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขื ื–ืืช,
03:36
the more likely it will lead to lasting damage.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉืื™ืจ ื ื–ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
03:39
If declining oxygen levels cause cell death in extreme parts of the body
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ืื ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืชืื™ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:43
--like fingers, toes, arms and legs-- the risk of amputation goes up.
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-- ื›ืžื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื -- ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื™ืขื” ื’ื“ืœ.
03:49
And if bacterial toxins accumulate in the brain and trigger cell death,
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ื•ืื ืจืขืœื ื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื•ืช ืชืื™,
03:54
meningitis could also cause long-term brain damage and memory loss.
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ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:58
So fast treatment, or better yet, prevention, is critical.
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ืื– ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื ื™ืขื”, ื”ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:03
That's why most countries have vaccines that defend against the disease
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื”
04:07
in its deadliest forms.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:09
Those are usually given to the people who are most at risk--like young children,
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ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
04:13
people with weak immune systems, or people who gather in large groups
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
04:17
where an outbreak of meningitis could potentially happen.
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ืฉื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
04:21
In addition to those gatherings,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชืืกืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:23
meningitis is most common in a region called the meningitis belt
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ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—
04:27
that stretches across Africa, though cases do happen all over the world.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:32
If youโ€™re concerned that you or someone you know may have meningitis,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:35
get to the doctor as soon as possible;
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ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืจื•ืคื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™;
04:38
quick action could save your life.
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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