Why is meningitis so dangerous? - Melvin Sanicas

3,001,571 views ・ 2018-11-19

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Rastbêjê Çalî Reviewer: Daban Q. Jaff
00:06
In 1987, tens of thousands of people
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Sala1987-an, bi deh hezaran mirov
00:09
gathered in Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj pilgrimage.
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li Erebistana Saudî ji bo ‏hec a salane civiyan.
00:14
But what started out as a celebration led to a health crisis:
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‏lê ya ku wekî pîrozîyek ê dest pê kir ‏bû sedema krîzek tenduristiyê:
00:18
just a few days after the pilgrimage,
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çend rojan piştî hecê,
00:20
more than 2,000 cases of meningitis broke out
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zêdeyî 2000 bûyerên menenjîtê ( mejûtevn) derketin
00:24
spreading across Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world.
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li seranserê Erebistana Saûdî ‏û yên dinê belav bû.
00:28
The outbreak was so fierce
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Epîdemî ( peta) pir dijwar bû
00:30
that it was believed to have sparked a wave of deadly meningitis epidemics
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ku dihat bawer kirin ku çirûskek a pêla epîdemiyên meningîta kujer e
00:34
that ultimately infected tens of thousands of people worldwide.
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ku di dawîyê de bi dehan vegirtî bi hezaran mirovên cîhanê.
00:40
Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges,
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Meningitis alyana meninge ye,
00:43
three tissue layers responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord.
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sê tebeqên tevnê ku berpirsiyar in li parastin a mejî û mejîyê pişt ê.
00:48
What makes meningitis so dangerous compared to other diseases
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Ya ku menenjîtê li gorî nexweşiyên din ew qas metirsîdar dike
00:52
is the sheer speed with which it invades a person’s body.
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leza berçav e ku ew laşê kesan dagîr dike.
00:56
In the worst cases, it causes death within a day.
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Di rewşa herî xirab de, dibe sedema mirinê di rojê de.
00:59
Fortunately, that’s rare for patients who receive early medical treatment.
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Bi kêfxweşî, ew ji bo nexweşên ku zû dermankirin a bijîşkî digirin kêm e.
01:04
The disease primarily comes in three forms:
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Nexweşî di destpêkê de bi sê awayan tê:
01:07
fungal, viral, and bacterial-- the last being the most deadly by far,
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kuvarik, vîrusî, û bakteriyalî - ya herî dawî ya herî mirinê heya niha,
01:12
and what we’ll focus on.
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û em ê li ser çi bisekinin.
01:15
People usually contract bacterial meningitis by breathing in
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Mirov bi gelemperî bi nefes girtinê bi menenjîta bakterî dikevin
01:18
tiny particles of mucus and saliva that spray into the air
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piçikên piçûk ên kilîz ê û devûyê ku li hewa diherikin
01:22
when an infected person sneezes or coughs.
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Demê kesê nesax Di bêhnije yan di kuxe.
01:26
It can also be transmitted through kissing,
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Herwiha di hête vexguhastin Bi rêya maçkirinê,
01:28
or sharing cigarettes, toothbrushes or utensils.
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an hevbeşkirina cigaran, Firçên didan şûştinê an alavan,
01:32
Some people can be infected and carry the disease
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dibe ku hindek kes nesaxbibin û bibin helgirê nesaxîyê
01:35
without showing symptoms or getting sick,
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Bê nîşandan a berjengan anku nesaxketin ê,
01:38
which helps the disease spread quickly to others.
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ku dibe alîkar ku nexweşî bilez li yên din belav bibe.
01:41
Once the bacteria enter the nose, mouth, and throat,
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Carek bakterî dikevin poz, dev û qirik,
01:45
they cross the surrounding membranes and enter the bloodstream.
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ew derdor a çermikî derbas dikin û dikevin nav xwînê.
01:48
From there, bacteria have rapid access to the body’s tissues
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li wir, bakterî zû di gihîjin şaneyên laş
01:53
--including a membrane called the blood-brain barrier.
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- tê de mebesta ku jê re astengiya xwîn-mejî tê gotin.
01:56
This is made of a tight mesh of cells which separate blood vessels from the brain,
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ev ji tevnek teng a şaneyên ku rehên xwînê ji mejî veqetînin,
02:01
and block everything except for a specific set of particles,
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û ji bilî komek perçeyên taybet, her tiştî asteng bikin,
02:05
including water molecules and some gases.
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Piçikên avê û hindek gaz jî tê de.
02:09
But in ways that scientists are still trying to understand,
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Lê bi awayên ku zanyar hîn jî hewl didin fam bikin,
02:12
meningitis bacteria can trick the barrier into letting them through.
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Bakteriyên meningîtê dikarin astengiyê derxînin da ku ew derbas bibin.
02:17
Inside the brain, the bacteria swiftly infect the meninges.
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dinav mejî de, Bektirya bilez menenjîtê ( mejûtevn) nesax dike.
02:21
This triggers inflammation as the body’s immune response kicks into overdrive,
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Ev wekî laş iîltihaba di arîne bersiva parastn ê dikeve nav westandinê de.
02:26
bringing on fever and intense headaches.
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ta û serêşên dijwar tînin.
02:29
As swelling in the meninges worsens, the neck begins to stiffen.
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her ku werimandin a di mênteng ê de xirab dibe, stu dest bi hişkbûnê dike.
02:33
Swelling in the brain disrupts its normal function--
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di mejî de werimandin karê wîyê asayî têk dide-
02:35
causing symptoms like hearing loss and extreme light sensitivity.
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dibe sedema nîşanên mîna bihîstinê û hestiyariya ronahiya giran.
02:40
As pressure increases in the cranium, it may also make the person confused--
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Her ku di kiloxî de zext zêde dibe, dibe ku ew mirovî tevlihev jî bike-
02:45
one of the hallmarks of the disease.
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Yek ji nîşanên vê nesaxîyê.
02:47
A few hours in, the rapidly multiplying bacteria start to release toxins,
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Çend demjimêr di, bakteriyên bi lez zêde dibin dest bi berdana toksînan dikin,
02:52
leading to septicemia, also known as blood poisoning.
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dibe sedema septicemia, wekî jehrîna xwînê jî tê zanîn.
02:57
This breaks down blood vessels,
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ev rihên xwînê xirab dike,
02:59
letting blood seep out and form what starts out looking like a rash,
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bila xwîn derkeve û tiştê ku dest pê dike mîna xirpûkek çêbike,
03:03
and evolves into big discoloured blots beneath the skin.
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û li binê çerm de pelikên mezin ên ‏bêreng pêş dikevin.
03:08
At the same time, these toxins burn through oxygen in the blood,
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Di heman demê de, ev jehr bi oksîjena xwînê dişewitin,
03:12
reducing the amount that gets to major organs like the lungs and kidneys.
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kêm kirina jimarên ku digihîjin organên sereke mîna pişik û gurçikan.
03:17
That increases the chance of organ shut down
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Ew şansê girtina organê zêde dike
03:20
--and alongside spreading septicemia, threatens death.
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- û digel belavkirina jehrîbûn a xwînê, gefên mirinê dike.
03:24
That all sounds scary, but doctors are so good at treating meningitis
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Ew hemî tirsnak xuya dike, lê bijîşk di derman kirina meningîtê de ew qas jêhatî ne
03:29
that a visit to the hospital can drastically reduce an adult’s risk of dying from it.
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ku serdana nexweşxaneyê dikare talûke ya mirinê li mezinan bi tundî kêm bike.
03:34
The longer it’s left untreated, though,
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Çiqas dirêjtir bibe nayê dermankirin, tevî ku,
03:36
the more likely it will lead to lasting damage.
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bi pêkaneke mezin ew ê bibe sedema zirarek mayînde.
03:39
If declining oxygen levels cause cell death in extreme parts of the body
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Ger kêmbûna asta oksîjenê dibe sedema mirina şaneyên li deverên tund ên laş
03:43
--like fingers, toes, arms and legs-- the risk of amputation goes up.
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mîna tilîyên desta, tilîyên pê, dest û ling - metirsiya jêkirinê zêde dibe.
03:49
And if bacterial toxins accumulate in the brain and trigger cell death,
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û heke jehrên bakteriyel di mejî de kom bibin û mirina xaneyê pêk bînin,
03:54
meningitis could also cause long-term brain damage and memory loss.
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menenjît dikare di heman demê de bibe sedema
xisara mêjî ya demdirêj û windakirina bîrewerîyan.
03:58
So fast treatment, or better yet, prevention, is critical.
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Ji ber vê yekê dermankirina bilez, an hê çêtir, pêşîlêgirtin, girîng e.
04:03
That's why most countries have vaccines that defend against the disease
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Loma li piraniya welatan derziyên ku li dijî nexweşîyê diparêzin hene
04:07
in its deadliest forms.
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di teşeyên xweyên kujer de.
04:09
Those are usually given to the people who are most at risk--like young children,
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Ew bi gelemperî ji mirovên ku herî zêde di xetereyê de ne têne dayîn, mîna: zarokên piçûk,
04:13
people with weak immune systems, or people who gather in large groups
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mirovên xwedan pergalên parastinê yên lawaz, an kesên ku di komên mezin de kom dibin
04:17
where an outbreak of meningitis could potentially happen.
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li ku dibe ku şewba kulbûna ‏perdeya mejîyî pêk were.
04:21
In addition to those gatherings,
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Ji bilî wan kom bûnan,
04:23
meningitis is most common in a region called the meningitis belt
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menenjît herî zêde li herêmek ku jê re qayişa menenjît tê gotin
04:27
that stretches across Africa, though cases do happen all over the world.
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ku li seranserê Afrîkayê dirêj dibe, her çend rewş li her devera cîhanê diqewimin.
04:32
If you’re concerned that you or someone you know may have meningitis,
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Heke hûn xemgîn in ku hûn an kesek hûn dizanin ku dibe ku menenjît hebe,
04:35
get to the doctor as soon as possible;
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Bilez xwe bigehînin doktor gava çêbibît;
04:38
quick action could save your life.
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çalakiyeke bilez dikare jiyana we rizgar bike.
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