Who decides what art means? - Hayley Levitt

867,694 views ใƒป 2018-11-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Imagine you and a friend are strolling through an art exhibit
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ
00:16
and a striking painting catches your eye.
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ ืืช ืขื™ื™ื ื›ื.
00:18
The vibrant red appears to you as a symbol of love,
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ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืื”ื‘ื”,
00:22
but your friend is convinced it's a symbol of war.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื–ื” ืกืžืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:25
And where you see stars in a romantic sky,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
00:28
your friend interprets global warming-inducing pollutants.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื–ืืช ื›ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:33
To settle the debate, you turn to the internet, where you read
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืืชื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืฉื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื
00:37
that the painting is a replica of the artist's first-grade art project:
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื' ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช:
00:41
Red was her favorite color and the silver dots are fairies.
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ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืŸ ืคื™ื•ืช.
00:46
You now know the exact intentions that led to the creation of this work.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:51
Are you wrong to have enjoyed it as something the artist didnโ€™t intend?
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ื”ืื ื˜ืขื™ืชื ื›ืฉื ื”ื ืชื ืžืžื ื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื•?
00:55
Do you enjoy it less now that you know the truth?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช?
00:58
Just how much should the artist's intention
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืืžืŸ
01:01
affect your interpretation of the painting?
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ?
01:04
It's a question that's been tossed around
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื–ืจืงื”
01:06
by philosophers and art critics for decades, with no consensus in sight.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืœืœื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
01:11
In the mid-20th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
01:13
literary critic W.K. Wimsatt and philosopher Monroe Beardsley
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื•. ืง. ื•ื•ื™ืžืกืื˜ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ื ืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื“ืกืœื™
01:17
argued that artistic intention was irrelevant.
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ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:21
They called this the Intentional Fallacy:
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”:
01:23
the belief that valuing an artist's intentions was misguided.
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืŸ.
01:28
Their argument was twofold:
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœ:
01:30
First, the artists we study are no longer living,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:33
never recorded their intentions,
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืขื“ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
01:35
or are simply unavailable to answer questions about their work.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:39
Second, even if there were a bounty of relevant information,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
01:44
Wimsatt and Beardsley believed
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ื•ื•ื™ืžืกืื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืกืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
01:45
it would distract us from the qualities of the work itself.
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื ื• ืžืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
01:49
They compared art to a dessert:
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—:
01:51
When you taste a pudding,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืงื™ื ื•ื—,
01:52
the chef's intentions don't affect whether you enjoy its flavor or texture.
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืฃ ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืื• ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื”.
01:57
All that matters, they said, is that the pudding "works."
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื”, ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— "ืขื•ื‘ื“."
02:01
Of course, what "works" for one person might not "work" for another.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉ"ืขื•ื‘ื“" ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื "ืขื•ื‘ื“" ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:05
And since different interpretations appeal to different people,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:09
the silver dots in our painting could be reasonably interpreted as fairies,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืคื™ื•ืช,
02:13
stars, or pollutants.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื• ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื.
02:15
By Wimsatt and Beardsley's logic, the artist's interpretation of her own work
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืžืกืื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืกืœื™, ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”
02:19
would just be one among many equally acceptable possibilities.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ืช.
02:24
If you find this problematic,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™,
02:26
you might be more in line with Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืืค ื•ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืœืก,
02:30
two literary theorists who rejected the Intentional Fallacy.
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ืฉื ื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
02:34
They argued that an artist's intended meaning
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ
02:36
was not just one possible interpretation,
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืคืจื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“,
02:39
but the only possible interpretation.
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ืืœื ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
02:41
For example, suppose you're walking along a beach
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืฃ
02:44
and come across a series of marks in the sand that spell out a verse of poetry.
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ื•ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืžืื™ื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื™ืจื”.
02:49
Knapp and Michaels believed the poem would lose all meaning
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ืงื ืืค ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœืก ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
02:52
if you discovered these marks were not the work of a human being,
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ืื ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
02:55
but an odd coincidence produced by the waves.
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ืืœื ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
02:58
They believed an intentional creator
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ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
03:00
is what makes the poem subject to understanding at all.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
03:04
Other thinkers advocate for a middle ground,
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ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:06
suggesting that intention is just one piece in a larger puzzle.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืคื™ืกื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืคืื–ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:11
Contemporary philosopher Noel Carroll took this stance,
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ื™ ื ื•ืืœ ืงืจื•ืœ ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:15
arguing that an artist's intentions are relevant to their audience
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
03:18
the same way a speaker's intentions
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
03:20
are relevant to the person theyโ€™re engaging in conversation.
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ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื.
03:24
To understand how intentions function in conversation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”,
03:27
Carroll said to imagine someone holding a cigarette and asking for a match.
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ืงืจื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื’ืคืจื•ืจ.
03:31
You respond by handing them a lighter,
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ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืžืฆื™ืช,
03:33
gathering that their motivation is to light their cigarette.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
03:36
The words they used to ask the question are important,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:39
but the intentions behind the question dictate your understanding and ultimately,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
03:43
your response.
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:45
So which end of this spectrum do you lean towards?
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ืื– ืœืื™ื–ื” ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืืชื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื?
03:48
Do you, like Wimsatt and Beardsley, believe that when it comes to art,
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ื”ืื ืืชื, ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืžืกืื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื“ืกืœื™, ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืžื ื•ืช,
03:52
the proof should be in the pudding?
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื—?
03:53
Or do you think that an artist's plans and motivations for their work
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:57
affect its meaning?
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
03:59
Artistic interpretation is a complex web
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ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
04:02
that will probably never offer a definitive answer.
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืฆื™ืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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