The accident that changed the world - Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu

1,261,637 views ใƒป 2020-02-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
London, 1928: a group of mold spores surf a breeze through a lab.
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ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, 1928: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื’ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
00:12
They drift onto a petri dish, and when they land,
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ื”ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื—ืชื™ื,
00:15
they germinate a medical revolution.
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ื”ื ืžื ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
00:18
This lab belongs to Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’, ืžื“ืขืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™
00:22
investigating the properties of infectious bacteria.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
00:25
At this time, Fleming is away on vacation.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื”.
00:28
When he returns, he finds a colony of mold growing on a petri dish
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื’ื“ืœื” ืขืœ ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™
00:32
heโ€™d forgotten to place in his incubator.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ.
00:35
And around this colony of mold is a zone
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ
00:37
completely and unexpectedly clear of bacteria.
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ื ืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:41
In studying this mysterious phenomenon,
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ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:44
Fleming came to realize that the mold was secreting some kind of compound
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ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช
00:49
that was killing the bacteria.
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ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:51
The mold was a species in the Penicillium genus,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
00:54
so Fleming dubbed the antibacterial compound โ€œpenicillin.โ€
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ืื– ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ืงืจื ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช โ€œืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ.โ€
00:58
What Fleming stumbled upon was a microbial defense system.
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ืžื” ืฉืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืช.
01:03
The penicillium mold constantly produces penicillin
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ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช
01:07
in order to defend itself from threats,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
01:09
such as nearby bacterial colonies that might consume its resources.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:13
Penicillin destroys many types of bacteria
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ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
01:16
by disrupting synthesis of their cell walls.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:19
These walls get their strength from a thick, protective mesh of sugars
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืžืจืฉืช ืขื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื
01:23
and amino acids,
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
01:25
that are constantly being broken down and rebuilt.
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01:28
Penicillin binds to one of the compounds that weaves this mesh together
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ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช
ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืงื™ืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
01:33
and prevents the wall from being reconstructed at a critical phase.
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01:37
Meanwhile, penicillin stimulates the release of highly reactive molecules
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:42
that cause additional damage.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:44
Eventually, the cellโ€™s structure breaks down completely.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชืคืจืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:47
This two-pronged attack is lethal to a wide range of bacteria,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:52
whether in petri-dishes, our bodies, or elsewhere.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™, ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
01:55
Itโ€™s not, however, harmful to our own cells,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:58
because those donโ€™t have cell walls.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชื.
02:01
For a decade or so after Flemingโ€™s discovery,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’,
02:04
penicillin remained a laboratory curiosity.
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ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:07
But during World War II,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:09
researchers figured out how to isolate the active compound
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ
02:13
and grow the mold in larger quantities.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:16
They then went on to win the Nobel Prize for their work.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืื– ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
02:20
Teams at Oxford and several American drug companies continued development,
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02:24
and within a few years it was commercially available.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
02:27
Penicillin and similar compounds quickly transformed the treatment of infections.
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ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื.
02:33
For the time being,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
02:34
they remain some of the most important, life-saving antibiotics used in medicine.
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:40
However, the more we use any antibiotic, the more bacteria evolve resistance to it.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”.
02:47
In the case of penicillin,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
02:48
some bacteria produce compounds that can break down the key structure
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
02:53
that interferes with cell wall synthesis.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืกื™ื ื˜ื–ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื.
ื›ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื‘ืจ,
02:56
As antibiotic use has increased,
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02:58
more and more bacteria have evolved this defense,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:01
making these antibiotics ineffective
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื”
03:04
against a growing number of bacterial infections.
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ื ื’ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
03:07
This means itโ€™s essential that doctors not overprescribe the drug.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
03:12
Meanwhile, 5 to 15% of patients in developed countries
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, 5 ืขื“ 15% ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช
03:16
self-identify as allergic to penicillin,
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ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœืจื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
03:19
making it the most commonly reported drug allergy.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืืœืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:23
However, the vast majorityโ€” over 90%โ€” of people
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ - ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
03:27
who think theyโ€™re allergic to penicillin actually are not.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืืœืจื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื.
03:31
Why the misperception?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช?
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืชื•ื™ืช ื”ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:33
Many patients acquire the allergy label as children,
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03:36
when a rash appears after theyโ€™re treated for an infection with penicillin
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ
03:40
or closely related drugs.
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ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.
03:41
The rash is often blamed on penicillin,
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ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
03:44
while the more likely culprit is the original infection,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
03:47
or a reaction between the infection and the antibiotic.
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ืื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:51
However, genuine penicillin allergies,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
03:54
where our immune systems mistake penicillin for an attacker,
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ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ,
03:58
do occur rarely and can be very dangerous.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
04:01
So if you think youโ€™re allergic but donโ€™t know for sure,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืืœืจื’ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
04:04
your best bet is to visit an allergist.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืœืจื’ื•ืœื•ื’.
04:06
Theyโ€™ll complete an evaluation thatโ€™ll confirm
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ื”ื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืชืืฉืจ
04:08
whether or not you have the allergy.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืื• ืœื.
04:11
Even if you do have a penicillin allergy,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
04:13
your immune cells that react to the drug may lose their ability to recognize it.
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ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
04:18
In fact, about 80% of people who are allergic to penicillin
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขืจืš 80% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœืจื’ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ
04:23
outgrow their allergy within ten years.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:26
This is great news for people who currently identify
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ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื
04:28
as allergic to penicillin;
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ืขื ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ;
04:30
the drug may one day save their lives, as it has done for so many others.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืชืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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