The accident that changed the world - Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu

1,192,534 views ใƒป 2020-02-10

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
London, 1928: a group of mold spores surf a breeze through a lab.
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1928๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜,
๊ณฐํŒก์ด ํฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋“ค๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:12
They drift onto a petri dish, and when they land,
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ํฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ ‘์‹œ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋– ๋Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์•‰์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์‹นํ…„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
they germinate a medical revolution.
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00:18
This lab belongs to Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist
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์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์˜ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์€
์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
investigating the properties of infectious bacteria.
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00:25
At this time, Fleming is away on vacation.
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๋‹น์‹œ์— ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์€ ํœด๊ฐ€์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
When he returns, he finds a colony of mold growing on a petri dish
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ ‘์‹œ์— ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
heโ€™d forgotten to place in his incubator.
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๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ ‘์‹œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And around this colony of mold is a zone
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š”
๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
completely and unexpectedly clear of bacteria.
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00:41
In studying this mysterious phenomenon,
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์ด ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:44
Fleming came to realize that the mold was secreting some kind of compound
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ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์€ ์ด ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:49
that was killing the bacteria.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The mold was a species in the Penicillium genus,
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๊ทธ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์›€์†์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜€๊ธฐ์—
00:54
so Fleming dubbed the antibacterial compound โ€œpenicillin.โ€
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ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์€ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ โ€˜ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
What Fleming stumbled upon was a microbial defense system.
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ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:03
The penicillium mold constantly produces penicillin
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
01:07
in order to defend itself from threats,
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์œ„ํ˜‘์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
such as nearby bacterial colonies that might consume its resources.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์ž์›์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Penicillin destroys many types of bacteria
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
01:16
by disrupting synthesis of their cell walls.
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์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
These walls get their strength from a thick, protective mesh of sugars
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์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋‹น๊ณผ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
01:23
and amino acids,
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01:25
that are constantly being broken down and rebuilt.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ฑด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Penicillin binds to one of the compounds that weaves this mesh together
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฎ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
01:33
and prevents the wall from being reconstructed at a critical phase.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์ด ์žฌ๊ฑด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
Meanwhile, penicillin stimulates the release of highly reactive molecules
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ํ•œํŽธ, ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ด์„œ
01:42
that cause additional damage.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Eventually, the cellโ€™s structure breaks down completely.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
This two-pronged attack is lethal to a wide range of bacteria,
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์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท ์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
whether in petri-dishes, our bodies, or elsewhere.
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๋ฐฐ์–‘์ ‘์‹œ๋“  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์ด๋“  ์–ด๋””๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด์š”.
01:55
Itโ€™s not, however, harmful to our own cells,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
because those donโ€™t have cell walls.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:01
For a decade or so after Flemingโ€™s discovery,
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ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๋ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ดํ›„ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:04
penicillin remained a laboratory curiosity.
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
But during World War II,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘,
02:09
researchers figured out how to isolate the active compound
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
02:13
and grow the mold in larger quantities.
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
They then went on to win the Nobel Prize for their work.
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๊ทธ ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ์•ฝ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:20
Teams at Oxford and several American drug companies continued development,
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02:24
and within a few years it was commercially available.
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๋ช‡๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Penicillin and similar compounds quickly transformed the treatment of infections.
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
For the time being,
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ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:34
they remain some of the most important, life-saving antibiotics used in medicine.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
However, the more we use any antibiotic, the more bacteria evolve resistance to it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
In the case of penicillin,
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
02:48
some bacteria produce compounds that can break down the key structure
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
that interferes with cell wall synthesis.
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02:56
As antibiotic use has increased,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:58
more and more bacteria have evolved this defense,
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
03:01
making these antibiotics ineffective
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
against a growing number of bacterial infections.
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03:07
This means itโ€™s essential that doctors not overprescribe the drug.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณผ๋‹ค ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Meanwhile, 5 to 15% of patients in developed countries
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ํ™˜์ž์˜ 5~15%๋Š”
03:16
self-identify as allergic to penicillin,
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์ž์‹ ์ด ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์— ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
making it the most commonly reported drug allergy.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์ฃ .
03:23
However, the vast majorityโ€” over 90%โ€” of people
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์€
03:27
who think theyโ€™re allergic to penicillin actually are not.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
Why the misperception?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐฉ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ
03:33
Many patients acquire the allergy label as children,
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03:36
when a rash appears after theyโ€™re treated for an infection with penicillin
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๊ฐ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ง„์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
or closely related drugs.
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03:41
The rash is often blamed on penicillin,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง„์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๊ผฝ์ง€๋งŒ
03:44
while the more likely culprit is the original infection,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์›์ธ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด๋‚˜
03:47
or a reaction between the infection and the antibiotic.
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๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
However, genuine penicillin allergies,
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์ง„์งœ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์€
03:54
where our immune systems mistake penicillin for an attacker,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
03:58
do occur rarely and can be very dangerous.
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๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
So if you think youโ€™re allergic but donโ€™t know for sure,
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๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:04
your best bet is to visit an allergist.
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๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Theyโ€™ll complete an evaluation thatโ€™ll confirm
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์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
whether or not you have the allergy.
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04:11
Even if you do have a penicillin allergy,
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
04:13
your immune cells that react to the drug may lose their ability to recognize it.
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
In fact, about 80% of people who are allergic to penicillin
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 80% ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
04:23
outgrow their allergy within ten years.
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10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
This is great news for people who currently identify
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํฌ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
as allergic to penicillin;
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04:30
the drug may one day save their lives, as it has done for so many others.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ด๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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