The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall - Konrad H. Jarausch

9,198,136 views ใƒป 2017-08-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In the early hours of August 13, 1961,
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ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1961,
00:10
East German construction workers flanked by soldiers and police
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืื•ื’ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื
00:14
began tearing up streets and erecting barriers throughout the city of Berlin
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืจืง ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”.
00:19
and its surroundings.
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00:21
This night marked the beginning of one of history's most infamous dividing lines,
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ืœื™ืœื” ื–ื” ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืฆื”:
00:25
the Berlin Wall.
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ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
00:27
Construction on the wall continued for the next decade
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
00:30
as it cut through neighborhoods,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื—ืชื›ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:32
separated families,
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ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
00:33
and divided not just Germany, but the world.
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ื•ืคื™ืฆืœื” ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืœื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:36
To understand how we got to this point,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:39
we have to go back to World War II.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:41
America, Britain, and France
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ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืฆืจืคืช
00:43
joined forces with the Soviet Union against the Axis Powers.
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ืื™ื—ื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ.
00:47
After they defeated Nazi Germany,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืกื• ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช,
00:49
each of the victorious nations occupied part of the country.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:52
The division was meant to be temporary,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
00:55
but the former allies found themselves at odds
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
00:57
over their visions for post-war Europe.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:00
While Western powers promoted liberal market economies,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ืžื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
01:03
the Soviet Union sought to surround itself with obedient Communist nations,
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืช,
01:07
including a weakened Germany.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช.
01:10
As their relations deteriorated,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•,
01:11
the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in the West
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
01:15
while the Soviets established the German Democratic Republic in the East.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื—.
01:20
The Soviet satellite countries restricted Western trade and movement,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื•,
01:23
so a virtually impassable border formed.
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ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจ.
01:27
It became known as the Iron Curtain.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:29
In the former German capital of Berlin, things were particularly complicated.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:34
Although the city lay fully within the East German territory of the GDR,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ GDR,
01:38
the post-war agreement gave the allies joint administration.
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ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:42
So America, Britain, and France created a Democratic enclave
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ืื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
01:46
in Berlin's western districts.
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ื‘ืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
01:49
While East Germans were officially banned from leaving the country,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:52
in Berlin, it was simply a matter of walking,
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ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
01:55
or riding a subway, streetcar or bus,
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ืื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก,
01:57
to the Western half,
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ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
01:59
then traveling on to West Germany or beyond.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ.
02:02
This open border posed a problem for the East German leadership.
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช.
02:06
They had staked a claim to represent the Communist resistance against Hitler
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ
02:10
and portrayed Western Germany as a continuation of the Nazi regime.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™.
02:14
While the U.S. and its allies poured money into West Germany's reconstruction,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืคื›ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
02:18
the Soviet Union extracted resources from the East as war reparations,
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ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื›ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:23
making its planned economy even less competitive.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:27
Life in East Germany passed under the watchful eye of the Stasi,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื” ื”ืคืงื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืื–ื™,
02:31
the secret police whose wiretaps and informants monitored citizens
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
02:35
for any hint of disloyalty.
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
02:37
While there was free health care and education in the East,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
02:40
the West boasted higher salaries,
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื’ืื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:42
more consumer goods,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
02:44
and greater personal freedom.
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ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:46
By 1961, about 3.5 million people, nearly 20% of the East German population,
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ืขื“ 1961, ื‘ืขืจืš 3.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขืจืš 20% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
02:52
had left, including many young professionals.
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ืขื–ื‘ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
02:56
To prevent further losses,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
02:57
East Germany decided to close the border, and that's where the Berlin Wall came in.
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
03:02
Extending for 43 kilometers through Berlin,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืคืจืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš 43 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ,
03:05
and a further 112 through East Germany,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ 112 ืง"ืž ื“ืจืš ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
03:08
the initial barrier consisted of barbed wire and mesh fencing.
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ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืชื™ื™ืœ ื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช.
03:12
Some Berliners escaped by jumping over the wire
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื“ืจ
03:14
or leaving from windows,
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ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
03:16
but as the wall expanded, this became more difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:20
By 1965, 106 kilometers of 3.6-meter-high concrete barricades had been added
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ืขื“ 1965, ื ื•ืกืคื• 106 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3.6 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
03:27
topped with a smooth pipe to prevent climbing.
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ืขื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
03:30
Over the coming years, the barrier was strengthened with spike strips,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืง ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ื™ื,
03:34
guard dogs,
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ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”,
03:35
and even landmines,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื,
03:36
along with 302 watchtowers and 20 bunkers.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 302 ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•-20 ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื.
03:40
A parallel fence in the rear set off a 100-meter area called the death strip.
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ื’ื“ืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:46
There, all buildings were demolished and the ground covered with sand
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ืฉื ื ื”ืจืกื• ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ื•ืกืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ
03:50
to provide a clear line of sight for the hundreds of guards
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืงื• ืจืื™ื” ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื
03:53
ordered to shoot anyone attempting to cross.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช.
03:57
Nevertheless, nearly 5,000 people in total managed to flee East Germany
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ 5,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
04:03
between 1961 and 1989.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1961 ืœ-1989.
04:06
Some were diplomats or athletes who defected while abroad,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืื• ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืจืงื• ื›ืฉืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”,
04:10
but others were ordinary citizens who dug tunnels,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืคืจื• ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช,
04:13
swam across canals,
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ืฉื—ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืชืขืœื•ืช,
04:15
flew hot air balloons,
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ื˜ืกื• ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื,
04:16
or even crashed a stolen tank through the wall.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื• ืขื ื˜ื ืง ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžื”.
04:21
Yet the risk was great.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:22
Over 138 people died while attempting escape.
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ืžืขืœ 138 ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
04:26
Some shot in full view of West Germans powerless to help them.
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ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืจื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื.
04:30
The wall stabilized East Germany's economy by preventing its work force from leaving,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘,
04:35
but tarnished its reputation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
04:38
becoming a global symbol of Communist repression.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
04:41
As part of reconciliation with the East,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื™ื•ืก ืขื ื”ืžื–ืจื—,
04:44
the Basic Treaty of 1972 recognized East Germany pragmatically
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ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ 1972 ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
04:49
while West Germany retained its hope for eventual reunification.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:53
Although the Eastern regime gradually allowed family visits,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
04:56
it tried to discourage people from exercising these rights
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:00
with an arduous bureaucratic process and high fees.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
05:04
Nonetheless, it was still overwhelmed by applications.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก ืœืขื™ื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช.
05:08
By the end of the 1980's,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
05:09
the liberalization of other Eastern Bloc regimes
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ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
05:12
caused mass demonstrations for free travel and demands for democracy.
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ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
05:17
On the evening of November 9, 1989,
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ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”-9 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1989,
05:20
East Germany tried to defuse tension by making travel permits easier to obtain.
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ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืคื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ื”.
05:25
But the announcement brought thousands of East Berliners
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืœืคื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ
05:28
to the border crossing points in the wall,
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ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžื”,
05:31
forcing the surprised guards to open the gates immediately.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
05:35
Rejoicing crowds poured into West Berlin
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ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื–ืจืžื• ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ
05:37
as people from both sides danced atop the wall.
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจืงื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื”.
05:41
And others began to demolish it with whatever tools they could find.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื.
05:45
Although the border guards initially tried to maintain order,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ,
05:48
it was soon clear that the years of division were at an end.
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ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•.
05:52
After four decades, Germany was officially reunified in October 1990.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื•ื—ื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1990.
05:58
And the Soviet Union fell soon after.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
06:01
Today, parts of the wall still stand as a reminder
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื›ืš
06:04
that any barriers we put up to impede freedom,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ,
06:07
we can also break down.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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