The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall - Konrad H. Jarausch

Translator: Arofat Akhundjanova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

"Bu devor keltirgan dahshatlarni ham, uni qulatgan

ozodlikka bo'lgan muhabbatni ham unutmang.

– Berlin devoridagi grafitning noma'lum muallifi.

In the early hours of August 13, 1961,

1961-yil 13-avgust kuni erta tongda

East German construction workers flanked by soldiers and police

Sharqiy Germaniya quruvchilari harbiylar va politsiya hamrohligida

began tearing up streets and erecting barriers throughout the city of Berlin

ko'chalarni buzib, Berlin va uning atroflariga

and its surroundings.

to'siqlar o’rnata boshladi.

This night marked the beginning of one of history's most infamous dividing lines,

Shu kecha tarixdagi eng mashhur bo’linish chiziqlaridan biri –

the Berlin Wall.

Berlin devori qurilishi boshlandi.

Construction on the wall continued for the next decade

Devor qurilishi keyingi o'n yillikda davom etib,

as it cut through neighborhoods,

ko’chalarni bo’lib tashladi,

separated families,

oilalarni bir-biridan ayirdi va

and divided not just Germany, but the world.

nafaqat Germaniyani, balki butun dunyoni ikkiga ajratib yubordi.

To understand how we got to this point,

Qanday bunday vaziyatga tushib qolganimizni

we have to go back to World War II.

tushunish uchun II Jahon Urushini eslash lozim.

America, Britain, and France

AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya hamda Fransiya

joined forces with the Soviet Union against the Axis Powers.

Gitlerga ittifoqchi mamlakatlarga qarshi kurashda Sovet Ittifoqi bilan birlashdi.

After they defeated Nazi Germany,

Fashist Germaniyasini mag'lub

each of the victorious nations occupied part of the country.

qilgach, g'olib davlatlar mamlakatning turli qismlarini egallab oldi.

The division was meant to be temporary,

Bo'linish vaqtinchalik davom etishi kerak edi,

but the former allies found themselves at odds

ammo sobiq ittifoqchilar urushdan keyingi

over their visions for post-war Europe.

Yevropa masalasida o’zaro kelisha olmadilar.

While Western powers promoted liberal market economies,

G'arb mamlakatlari erkin bozor iqtisodiyotini ilgari surgan paytda,

the Soviet Union sought to surround itself with obedient Communist nations,

Sovet Ittifoqi o'ziga qaram bo'lgan kommunistik davlatlar qatorida zaiflashib

including a weakened Germany.

qolgan Germaniyani ham qo’ldan chiqarmaslikka intildi.

As their relations deteriorated,

Munosabatlar yomonlashgach,

the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in the West

g'arbda Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (GFR) tuzildi,

while the Soviets established the German Democratic Republic in the East.

SSSR esa sharqda Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi (GDR) ni tashkil etdi.

The Soviet satellite countries restricted Western trade and movement,

Sovet mamlakatlari G'arb bilan savdo-sotiq hamda harakat erkinligini cheklab

so a virtually impassable border formed.

qo'ydilar va shu tariqa deyarli o'tib bo'lmaydigan chegara tuzildi.

It became known as the Iron Curtain.

U “temir parda” nomi bilan tanildi.

In the former German capital of Berlin, things were particularly complicated.

Germaniyaning sobiq poytaxti Berlinda vaziyat ancha murakkab edi.

Although the city lay fully within the East German territory of the GDR,

Shahar butunlay GDR hududida joylashgan bo'lsa ham, urushdan keyingi bitim

the post-war agreement gave the allies joint administration.

ittifoqdoshlarga mamlakatni birgalikda boshqarish huquqini berdi.

So America, Britain, and France created a Democratic enclave

Shunday qilib, Amerika, Britaniya va Fransiya Berlinning g'arbiy tumanlarida

in Berlin's western districts.

demokratik bo’linmalarga asos soldilar.

While East Germans were officially banned from leaving the country,

GDR aholisiga mamlakatdan chiqib ketish rasman taqiqlangan bo'lsa-da,

in Berlin, it was simply a matter of walking,

Berlinda piyoda, metro, tramvay yoki avtobus bilan

or riding a subway, streetcar or bus,

to'g'ridan-to'g'ri g'arbiy qismga borish,

to the Western half,

undan keyin esa GFR ga kirish

then traveling on to West Germany or beyond.

yoki mamlakat tashqarisiga chiqish mumkin edi.

This open border posed a problem for the East German leadership.

Bu ochiq chegara GDR rahbariyatiga muammo tug'dirdi.

They had staked a claim to represent the Communist resistance against Hitler

Ular Gitlerga nisbatan kommunistcha qarshilik ko’rsatishlarini da’vo qilib,

and portrayed Western Germany as a continuation of the Nazi regime.

G'arbiy Germaniyani fashistik rejim davomchilari sifatida qoraladilar.

While the U.S. and its allies poured money into West Germany's reconstruction,

AQSh va uning ittifoqchilari GFR ni qayta tiklashga mablag’ ajratar ekan,

the Soviet Union extracted resources from the East as war reparations,

SSSR GDR resurslarini tovon sifatida o’zlashtira boshladi, natijada

making its planned economy even less competitive.

mamlakatning rejalashtirilgan iqtisodiyoti o’z raqobatbardoshligini yo’qotdi.

Life in East Germany passed under the watchful eye of the Stasi,

GDR dagi hayot Shtazi – maxfiy politsiya tomonidan nazorat qilinib,

the secret police whose wiretaps and informants monitored citizens

ular “quloqlari” va xabarchilari orqali fuqarolar orasida

for any hint of disloyalty.

xoinlik harakatlarini aniqlashga kirishdi.

While there was free health care and education in the East,

Sharqda bepul ta'lim va sog'liqni saqlash xizmati

the West boasted higher salaries,

joriy etilgan bo'lsa, G'arbda yuqori maosh,

more consumer goods,

keng turdagi iste’mol tovarlari

and greater personal freedom.

va shaxsiy erkinlik ta’minlangan edi.

By 1961, about 3.5 million people, nearly 20% of the East German population,

1961-yilga kelib, 3,5 million kishi, bu GDR aholisining qariyb 20 foiziga teng,

had left, including many young professionals.

shu jumladan ko'plab yosh mutaxassislar mamlakatni tark etdi.

To prevent further losses,

Keyingi yo'qotishlarni oldini olish

East Germany decided to close the border, and that's where the Berlin Wall came in.

uchun GDR chegarani yopishga qaror qildi. Shu tariqa Berlin devori paydo bo'ldi.

Extending for 43 kilometers through Berlin,

Berlin orqali 43 km va

and a further 112 through East Germany,

Sharqiy Germaniya bo'ylab 112 km ga cho'zilgan

the initial barrier consisted of barbed wire and mesh fencing.

dastlabki to'siq tikonli sim va to'r panjaradan iborat edi.

Some Berliners escaped by jumping over the wire

Ayrim berlinliklar simdan sakrab yoki

or leaving from windows,

derazadan oshib o’tib qochishdi,

but as the wall expanded, this became more difficult.

ammo devor kengaygani sari bu ish qiyinlashib bordi.

By 1965, 106 kilometers of 3.6-meter-high concrete barricades had been added

1965-yilga kelib 106 kmlik, balandligi 3,6 m bo’lgan beton to'siqlar paydo bo'ldi

topped with a smooth pipe to prevent climbing.

va oshib o’tishga yo’l qo’ymaslik uchun ustiga silliq trubalar o'rnatildi.

Over the coming years, the barrier was strengthened with spike strips,

Kelgusi yillarda devor tikanli to'siqlar,

guard dogs,

qo'riqchi itlar va

and even landmines,

hatto minalar bilan mustahkamlanib,

along with 302 watchtowers and 20 bunkers.

ularga 302 ta soqchi va 20 ta bunkerlar qo'shildi.

A parallel fence in the rear set off a 100-meter area called the death strip.

Devor ortida 100m maydonni ajratib turuv- chi to’siq – "o'lim chizig'i" bor edi.

There, all buildings were demolished and the ground covered with sand

U yerdagi barcha binolar vayron qilinib, chegarani kesib o'tishga jur'at etgan

to provide a clear line of sight for the hundreds of guards

har qanday kishini otib tashlash buyurilgan yuzlab soqchilar uchun

ordered to shoot anyone attempting to cross.

kuzatuv joyi qum bilan qoplangan edi.

Nevertheless, nearly 5,000 people in total managed to flee East Germany

Ammo 1961-1989-yillar oralig'ida besh mingga yaqin odam

between 1961 and 1989.

Sharqiy Germaniyadan qochib qutulishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Some were diplomats or athletes who defected while abroad,

Ulardan ba'zilari diplomatlar yoki sportchilar bo'lgan,

but others were ordinary citizens who dug tunnels,

ammo boshqa qochqinlar tunnel qazib,

swam across canals,

kanal bo'ylab suzib, sharlarda

flew hot air balloons,

uchib yoki hatto o'g'irlangan tankda

or even crashed a stolen tank through the wall.

devorni buzib o'tgan oddiy fuqarolar edi.

Yet the risk was great.

Ammo xavf-xatar katta edi.

Over 138 people died while attempting escape.

Kamida 138 kishi qochishga urinib halok bo'ldi.

Some shot in full view of West Germans powerless to help them.

Ayrim qochqinlar yordam berishga ojiz bo'lgan GFR aholisi oldida otib tashlandi.

The wall stabilized East Germany's economy by preventing its work force from leaving,

Devor ishchi kuchini saqlab qolish hisobi- ga GDR iqtisodiyotini barqarorlashtirdi,

but tarnished its reputation,

ammo butun dunyoda kommunistik repressiya

becoming a global symbol of Communist repression.

timsoliga aylanib, o'z obro'siga putur yetkazdi.

As part of reconciliation with the East,

G'arb bilan yaqinlashish siyosatini bir qismi

the Basic Treaty of 1972 recognized East Germany pragmatically

bo'lgan 1972-yilgi GDR va GFR o'rtasidagi shartnoma Sharqiy Germaniyani rasman

while West Germany retained its hope for eventual reunification.

tan oldi, G'arbiy Germaniya esa GDR bilan birlashishdan umidini uzmadi.

Although the Eastern regime gradually allowed family visits,

GDR tuzumi asta-sekin qarindoshlar tashrifiga ruxsat bergan bo'lsa-da,

it tried to discourage people from exercising these rights

rasmiylar holdan toydiradigan byurokratiya va katta boj to'lovi orqali

with an arduous bureaucratic process and high fees.

fuqarolarni ushbu huquqdan foydalanmaslikka rag'batlantirdi.

Nonetheless, it was still overwhelmed by applications.

Ammo shunga qaramay, hukumat arizalar bilan to'lib toshgandi.

By the end of the 1980's,

80-yillarning oxiriga kelib, boshqa

the liberalization of other Eastern Bloc regimes

Sharqiy blok tuzumlarining liberallashishi harakat erkinligi

caused mass demonstrations for free travel and demands for democracy.

va demokratiyani talab qilgan ommaviy namoyishlarga sabab bo'ldi.

On the evening of November 9, 1989,

1989 yil 9-noyabr kechasi GDR chiqish ruxsatnomalarini

East Germany tried to defuse tension by making travel permits easier to obtain.

berish tartibini soddalashtirib, vaziyatni yumshatishga harakat qildi.

But the announcement brought thousands of East Berliners

Ammo bu xabardan so'ng minglab sharqiy berlinliklar

to the border crossing points in the wall,

Berlin devorining chegara postlariga chiqishdi

forcing the surprised guards to open the gates immediately.

va hayratga tushgan soqchilarni darhol eshikni ochishga majbur qilishdi.

Rejoicing crowds poured into West Berlin

Quvonchga to'lgan olomon G'arbiy Berlinga yopirilib

as people from both sides danced atop the wall.

kirdi, ikkala tomondagi kishilar ham devor ustida raqsga tushishdi.

And others began to demolish it with whatever tools they could find.

Boshqalar esa qo'liga tushgan narsa bilan devorni buza boshladi.

Although the border guards initially tried to maintain order,

Chegarachilar dastlab tartibni saqlashga harakat qilishgan

it was soon clear that the years of division were at an end.

bo'lsa-da, tez orada bo'linish davri nihoyasiga yetgani ma'lum bo'ldi.

After four decades, Germany was officially reunified in October 1990.

Qirq yildan so'ng, 1990-yil oktabrida Germaniya qayta birlashdi.

And the Soviet Union fell soon after.

Ko'p o'tmay Sovet Ittifoqi ham quladi.

Today, parts of the wall still stand as a reminder

Hozirda devorning ayrim qismlari erkinlikni cheklash

that any barriers we put up to impede freedom,

uchun o'rnatilgan har qanday to'siqni yo'q qilish mumkinligi

we can also break down.

haqida eslatma sifatida saqlanib qolgan.