The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall - Konrad H. Jarausch

8,856,615 views ใƒป 2017-08-16

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: heunjeong Na ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
In the early hours of August 13, 1961,
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1961๋…„ 8์›” 13์ผ ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
00:10
East German construction workers flanked by soldiers and police
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๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์••๋ฐ•๋‹นํ•œ ๋™๋ถ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌํ˜„์žฅ ์ธ๋ถ€๋“ค์€
00:14
began tearing up streets and erecting barriers throughout the city of Berlin
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์‹œ์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
and its surroundings.
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00:21
This night marked the beginning of one of history's most infamous dividing lines,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐค์— ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•…๋ช…๋†’์€ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ์„ ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋Š”๋ฐ
00:25
the Berlin Wall.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Construction on the wall continued for the next decade
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์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๊ฑด์„ค์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„์† ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
as it cut through neighborhoods,
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์ด์›ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๊ณ 
00:32
separated families,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
00:33
and divided not just Germany, but the world.
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๋…์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
To understand how we got to this point,
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์ด ์ง€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
00:39
we have to go back to World War II.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
America, Britain, and France
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š”
00:43
joined forces with the Soviet Union against the Axis Powers.
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์ถ”์ถ•๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
After they defeated Nazi Germany,
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๋‚˜์น˜ ๋…์ผ์„ ๋ฌด์ฐŒ๋ฅธ ํ›„,
00:49
each of the victorious nations occupied part of the country.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋‹ค.
00:52
The division was meant to be temporary,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์—ด์€ ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ๋๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:55
but the former allies found themselves at odds
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ
00:57
over their visions for post-war Europe.
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์ „ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
While Western powers promoted liberal market economies,
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์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚จ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—,
01:03
the Soviet Union sought to surround itself with obedient Communist nations,
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์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ์‡„์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ
01:07
including a weakened Germany.
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์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ๋…์ผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
As their relations deteriorated,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:11
the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in the West
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๋…์ผ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
while the Soviets established the German Democratic Republic in the East.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
The Soviet satellite countries restricted Western trade and movement,
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์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ณผ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ,
01:23
so a virtually impassable border formed.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
It became known as the Iron Curtain.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ ์˜ ์žฅ๋ง‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ฃ .
01:29
In the former German capital of Berlin, things were particularly complicated.
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๋…์ผ์˜ ์ „ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ, ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Although the city lay fully within the East German territory of the GDR,
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๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” GDR์˜ ์˜ํ†  ๋‚ด์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:38
the post-war agreement gave the allies joint administration.
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๊ทธ ์ „ํ›„ ํ˜‘์ •์€ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋™ ํ–‰์ •์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
So America, Britain, and France created a Democratic enclave
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ,์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ
01:46
in Berlin's western districts.
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๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
While East Germans were officially banned from leaving the country,
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์„œ๋…์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋์ง€๋งŒ
01:52
in Berlin, it was simply a matter of walking,
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๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฑท๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:55
or riding a subway, streetcar or bus,
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์ „์ฒ , ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผํƒ€๊ณ 
01:57
to the Western half,
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์„œ์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:59
then traveling on to West Germany or beyond.
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์„œ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:02
This open border posed a problem for the East German leadership.
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋™๋…์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ ฅ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
They had staked a claim to represent the Communist resistance against Hitler
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์šด๋™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
and portrayed Western Germany as a continuation of the Nazi regime.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋…์„ ๋‚˜์น˜์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
While the U.S. and its allies poured money into West Germany's reconstruction,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋…์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑด์— ๋ˆ์„ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ€์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—,
02:18
the Soviet Union extracted resources from the East as war reparations,
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์†Œ๋ จ์€ ์ „์Ÿ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์›์„ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:23
making its planned economy even less competitive.
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๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Life in East Germany passed under the watchful eye of the Stasi,
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๋™๋…์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋™๋… ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:31
the secret police whose wiretaps and informants monitored citizens
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‹œ์›๋“ค์€
02:35
for any hint of disloyalty.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
While there was free health care and education in the East,
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๋™์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ต์œก์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
02:40
the West boasted higher salaries,
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์„œ์ชฝ์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰๊ณผ
02:42
more consumer goods,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฌผ์ž์™€,
02:44
and greater personal freedom.
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๋”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
By 1961, about 3.5 million people, nearly 20% of the East German population,
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1961๋…„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™๋…์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 20%์ธ, ์•ฝ 350๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:52
had left, including many young professionals.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ Š์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
To prevent further losses,
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๋”ํ•œ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
02:57
East Germany decided to close the border, and that's where the Berlin Wall came in.
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๋™๋…์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ์‡„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
Extending for 43 kilometers through Berlin,
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๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 43km๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:05
and a further 112 through East Germany,
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๋™๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 112km๋ฅผ ๋” ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
03:08
the initial barrier consisted of barbed wire and mesh fencing.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฒ ์กฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์ฒ ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Some Berliners escaped by jumping over the wire
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ ์กฐ๋ง์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:14
or leaving from windows,
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์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์ณค์ง€๋งŒ
03:16
but as the wall expanded, this became more difficult.
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๋ฒฝ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
By 1965, 106 kilometers of 3.6-meter-high concrete barricades had been added
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1965๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ , 106km์˜ 3.6m๋†’์ด์˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฐฉํ˜ธ๋ฒฝ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
topped with a smooth pipe to prevent climbing.
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๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:30
Over the coming years, the barrier was strengthened with spike strips,
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๊ทธํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ์ฒ ๊ณผ
03:34
guard dogs,
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๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฒฌ๋“ค
03:35
and even landmines,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ง€๋ขฐ์™€
03:36
along with 302 watchtowers and 20 bunkers.
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302๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œํƒ‘๊ณผ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ™์ปค๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
A parallel fence in the rear set off a 100-meter area called the death strip.
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ํ›„๋ฐฉ 100m์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๋ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
There, all buildings were demolished and the ground covered with sand
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋•…์€ ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
to provide a clear line of sight for the hundreds of guards
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๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ น๋ฐ›์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›๋“ค์˜
03:53
ordered to shoot anyone attempting to cross.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:57
Nevertheless, nearly 5,000 people in total managed to flee East Germany
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„, ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ๋™๋…์„ ํƒˆ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
between 1961 and 1989.
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1961๋…„์—์„œ 1989๋…„์‚ฌ์ด์—.
04:06
Some were diplomats or athletes who defected while abroad,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
but others were ordinary citizens who dug tunnels,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๋šซ๊ณ 
04:13
swam across canals,
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์šดํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ—ค์—„์ณ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
04:15
flew hot air balloons,
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์—ด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ’์„ ์„ ๋„์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:16
or even crashed a stolen tank through the wall.
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ํ˜น์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ›”์นœ ํƒฑํฌ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ถ€์‰ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
Yet the risk was great.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
Over 138 people died while attempting escape.
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ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ 138๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Some shot in full view of West Germans powerless to help them.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„œ๋…์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šธ ํž˜์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
The wall stabilized East Germany's economy by preventing its work force from leaving,
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๊ทธ ๋ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ ํž˜์จ์„œ ๋™๋…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
but tarnished its reputation,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:38
becoming a global symbol of Communist repression.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ์–ต์••์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ.
04:41
As part of reconciliation with the East,
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๋™๋…๊ณผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ธ
04:44
the Basic Treaty of 1972 recognized East Germany pragmatically
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1972๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๋™๋…์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:49
while West Germany retained its hope for eventual reunification.
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์„œ๋…์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Although the Eastern regime gradually allowed family visits,
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๋น„๋ก ๋™๋…์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:56
it tried to discourage people from exercising these rights
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๋™๋…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
with an arduous bureaucratic process and high fees.
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๊ณ ๋œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ.
05:04
Nonetheless, it was still overwhelmed by applications.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
By the end of the 1980's,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์—,
05:09
the liberalization of other Eastern Bloc regimes
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ํ™”๋Š”.
05:12
caused mass demonstrations for free travel and demands for democracy.
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์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์—ฌํ–‰๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
On the evening of November 9, 1989,
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1989๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ ์ €๋…์—,
05:20
East Germany tried to defuse tension by making travel permits easier to obtain.
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๋™๋…์€ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
But the announcement brought thousands of East Berliners
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ๋™๋… ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:28
to the border crossing points in the wall,
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:31
forcing the surprised guards to open the gates immediately.
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๊ธฐ์Šต๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›๋“ค์ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Rejoicing crowds poured into West Berlin
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๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:37
as people from both sides danced atop the wall.
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์–‘์ธก์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋“ฏ์ด์š”.
05:41
And others began to demolish it with whatever tools they could find.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์จ์„œ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:45
Although the border guards initially tried to maintain order,
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๋น„๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:48
it was soon clear that the years of division were at an end.
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์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
After four decades, Germany was officially reunified in October 1990.
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40๋…„ ํ›„ , ๋…์ผ์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ 1990๋…„์— ํ†ต์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And the Soviet Union fell soon after.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๊ณง ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Today, parts of the wall still stand as a reminder
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊นจ์›Œ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
that any barriers we put up to impede freedom,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๋„
06:07
we can also break down.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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