A brief history of plastic

1,253,785 views ใƒป 2020-09-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Today, plastics are everywhere.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:10
All of this plastic originated from one small objectโ€”
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ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ --
00:14
that isnโ€™t even made of plastic.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
00:17
For centuries, billiard balls were made of ivory from elephant tusks.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื‘ ืžื—ื˜ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื.
00:22
But when excessive hunting caused elephant populations to decline
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฆื™ื“ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื
00:26
in the 19th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:27
billiard balls makers began to look for alternatives, offering huge rewards.
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืคืจืกื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:33
So in 1863 an American named John Wesley Hyatt took up the challenge.
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ืื– ื‘ 1863 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืกืœื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื˜ ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ.
00:39
Over the next five years, he invented a new material called celluloid,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆืœื•ืœื•ืื™ื“,
00:45
made from cellulose, a compound found in wood and straw.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–, ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืฅ ื•ืงืฉ.
00:50
Hyatt soon discovered celluloid couldnโ€™t solve the billiard ball problemโ€“โ€“
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ื”ืื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉืฆืœื•ืœื•ื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืจื“ --
00:55
the material wasnโ€™t heavy enough and didnโ€™t bounce quite right.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ืœื ืงื™ืคืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:59
But it could be tinted and patterned
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
01:01
to mimic more expensive materials like coral,
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ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:05
tortoiseshell, amber, and mother-of-pearl.
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ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘, ืขื ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื ืคื ื™ื ื”.
01:08
He had created what became known as the first plastic.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:13
The word โ€˜plasticโ€™ can describe any material made of polymers,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€™ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืคื•ืœืžืจื™ื,
01:18
which are just the large molecules consisting of the same repeating subunit.
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ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
01:22
This includes all human-made plastics,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
01:25
as well as many of the materials found in living things.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:28
But in general, when people refer to plastics,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
01:31
theyโ€™re referring to synthetic materials.
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ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:34
The unifying feature of these is that they start out soft and malleable
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื
01:39
and can be molded into a particular shape.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืงืช ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:42
Despite taking the prize as the first official plastic,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ื›ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:46
celluloid was highly flammable, which made production risky.
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ืฆืœื•ืœื•ืื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืœื™ืง, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
01:50
So inventors began to hunt for alternatives.
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ืื– ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช.
01:53
In 1907 a chemist combined phenolโ€”
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ื‘ 1907 ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืคื ื•ืœ --
01:57
a waste product of coal tarโ€”
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช ืคื—ื --
01:59
and formaldehyde, creating a hardy new polymer called bakelite.
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ื•ืคื•ืจืžืœื“ื”ื™ื“, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜.
02:04
Bakelite was much less flammable than celluloid and the raw materials
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ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืฆืœื•ืœื•ืื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื
02:09
used to make it were more readily available.
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ื›ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:12
Bakelite was only the beginning.
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ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
02:14
In the 1920s, researchers first commercially developed polystyrene,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืŸ,
02:19
a spongy plastic used in insulation.
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืกืคื•ื’ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“.
02:23
Soon after came polyvinyl chloride, or vinyl, which was flexible yet hardy.
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“, ืื• ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื™ื“.
02:29
Acrylics created transparent,
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ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง ื™ืฆืจ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื,
02:31
shatter-proof panels that mimicked glass.
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ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื—ื™ืงื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
02:34
And in the 1930s nylon took centre stageโ€”
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื” --
02:38
a polymer designed to mimic silk, but with many times its strength.
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ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื™, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:42
Starting in 1933, polyethylene became one of the most versatile plastics,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ 1933, ืคื•ืœื™ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื›ื™ ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
02:48
still used today to make everything from grocery bags, to shampoo bottles,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืฉืžืคื•,
02:53
to bulletproof vests.
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ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
02:56
New manufacturing technologies accompanied this explosion of materials.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:00
The invention of a technique called injection-moulding
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช
03:04
made it possible to insert melted plastics into molds of any shape,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ืชืš ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”,
03:08
where they would rapidly harden.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:10
This created possibilities for products in new varieties and shapesโ€”
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
03:15
and a way to inexpensively and rapidly produce plastics at scale.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:20
Scientists hoped this economical new material
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:23
would make items that once had been unaffordable accessible to more people.
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ื™ืขืฉื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:28
Instead, plastics were pushed into service in World War Two.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ื“ื—ืง ืœืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:33
During the war, plastic production in the United States quadrupled.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื”.
ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื ื•ืช ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืžืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื ืžื•ื™ื ื™ืœ.
03:38
Soldiers wore new plastic helmet liners and water-resistant vinyl raincoats.
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03:43
Pilots sat in cockpits made of plexiglass, a shatterproof plastic,
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ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืงื•ืงืคื™ื˜ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคืœืงืกื™ื’ืœืืก, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื ื™ืคื•ืฅ,
03:48
and relied on parachutes made of resilient nylon.
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ื•ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“.
03:52
Afterwards, plastic manufacturing companies
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
03:55
that had sprung up during wartime turned their attention to consumer products.
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ืฉืฆืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืคื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื™ื.
03:59
Plastics began to replace other materials like wood, glass, and fabric
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
04:04
in furniture, clothing, shoes, televisions, and radios.
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ื‘ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื ืขืœื™ื, ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ื•.
04:09
Versatile plastics opened up possibilities for packagingโ€”
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืืจื™ื–ื” --
04:13
mainly designed to keep food and other products fresh for longer.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:18
Suddenly, there were plastic garbage bags, stretchy plastic wrap,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืžืชื—ื•ืช,
04:22
squeezable plastic bottles, takeaway cartons,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืขื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™,
04:25
and plastic containers for fruit, vegetables, and meat.
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ื•ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืจ.
04:30
Within just a few decades, this multifaceted material
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”
04:34
ushered in what became known as the โ€œplastics century.โ€
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ืงืจื "ืžืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง."
04:38
While the plastics century brought convenience and cost-effectiveness,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื,
04:42
it also created staggering environmental problems.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
04:45
Many plastics are made of nonrenewable resources.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื.
04:48
And plastic packaging was designed to be single-use,
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ื•ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
04:52
but some plastics take centuries to decompose,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœื•ืงื— ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง,
04:56
creating a huge build up of waste.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
04:59
This century weโ€™ll have to concentrate our innovations on addressing those problemsโ€”
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” --
05:04
by reducing plastic use, developing biodegradable plastics,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืชืคืจืง,
05:08
and finding new ways to recycle existing plastic.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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