How do animals experience pain? - Robyn J. Crook

3,656,358 views ใƒป 2017-01-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:06
Humans know the surprising prick of a needle,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื˜,
00:09
the searing pain of a stubbed toe and the throbbing of a toothache.
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื›ื”,
ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:14
We can identify many types of pain and have multiple ways of treating it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•.
00:19
But what about other species?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
00:21
How do the animals all around us experience pain?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืื‘?
00:25
Itโ€™s important that we find out.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื’ืœื”.
00:27
We keep animals as pets, they enrich our environment,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:31
we farm many species for food,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ,
00:33
and we use them in experiments to advance science and human health.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
00:37
Animals are clearly important to us,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:39
so itโ€™s equally important that we avoid causing them unnecessary pain.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ื›ืื‘ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™.
00:44
For animals that are similar to us, like mammals,
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
00:47
it's often obvious when they're hurting.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื”ืŸ.
00:50
But there's a lot that isn't obvious,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:52
like whether pain relievers that work on us also help them.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:55
And the more different an animal is from us,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:58
the harder it is to understand their experience.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:00
How do you tell whether a shrimp is in pain?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ืฉ ื›ืื‘?
01:03
A snake?
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ื ื—ืฉ?
01:04
A snail?
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ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ?
01:06
In vertebratesโ€” including humansโ€” pain can be split into two distinct processes.
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ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
ื›ืื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:12
In the first, nerves in the skin sense something harmful
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื™ืง
01:15
and communicate that information to the spinal cord.
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ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
01:18
There, motor neurons activate movements that make us rapidly jerk away
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ืฉื, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื–ื•ื– ืžื”ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืื™ื•ื.
01:23
from the threat.
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01:24
This is the physical recognition of harm called nociception.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคื™ื”,
01:28
And nearly all animals, even those with very simple nervous systems,
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื”,
ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื• ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
01:32
experience it.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
01:33
Without this ability, animals would be unable to avoid harm
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ืข
01:36
and their survival would be threatened.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื.
01:39
The second part is the conscious recognition of harm.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
01:43
In humans, this occurs when the sensory neurons in our skin
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
01:46
make a second round of connections via the spinal cord to the brain.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœืžื•ื—.
01:51
There, millions of neurons in multiple regions create the sensations of pain.
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ืฉื, ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘.
01:56
For us, this is a very complex experience associated with emotions
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื“,
02:00
like fear, panic and stress, which we can communicate to others.
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ืคื ื™ืงื”,
ื•ืœื—ืฅ,
ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:05
But itโ€™s harder to know exactly how animals experience
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช
02:08
this part the process,
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
02:09
because most of them canโ€™t show us what they feel.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
02:13
However, we get clues from observing how animals behave.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืžื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:18
Wild, hurt animals are known to nurse their wounds,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืคืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:22
make noises to show their distress, and become reclusive.
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ืžืฉืžื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:26
in the lab, scientists have discovered that animals like chickens and rats
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื
02:31
will self-administer pain-reducing drugs if theyโ€™re hurting.
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ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืื‘ ืื ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื”ืŸ.
02:35
Animals also avoid situations where theyโ€™ve been hurt before,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:38
which suggests awareness of threats.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
02:42
Weโ€™ve reached the point that research has made us so sure
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
02:45
that vertebrates recognize pain
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ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืื‘
02:46
that itโ€™s illegal in many countries to needlessly harm these animals.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš.
02:51
But what about other types of animals, like invertebrates?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช?
02:55
These animals aren't legally protected,
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
02:58
partly because their behaviors are harder to read.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืงืจื™ืื”.
03:01
We can make good guesses about some of them, like oysters, worms and jellyfish.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ,
ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืคื•ืช,
ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
ื•ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
03:07
These are examples of animals that either lack a brain
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ืืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—
03:09
or have a very simple one.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:11
So an oyster may recoil when squirted with lemon juice, for instance,
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ืื– ืฆื“ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืชืข ื›ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืฅ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:15
because of nociception.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคืฆื™ื”.
03:18
But with such a simple nervous system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
03:20
itโ€™s unlikely to experience the conscious part of pain.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘.
03:24
Other invertebrate animals are more complicated, though.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:27
Like the octopus, which has a sophisticated brain
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ื›ืžื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ,
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื— ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื
03:30
and is thought to be one of the most intelligent invertebrate animals.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:33
Yet in many countries, people continue the practice of eating live octopus.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:39
We also boil live crayfish, shrimp, and crabs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืจืชื™ื—ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื
03:43
even though we don't really know how they're affected either.
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื.
03:46
This poses an ethical problem,
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืชื™ืช
03:48
because we may be causing these animals unnecessary suffering.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืกื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:52
Scientific experimentation, though controversial,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื.
03:55
gives us some clues.
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03:57
Tests on hermit crabs show that theyโ€™ll leave an undesirable shell
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื”
04:01
if theyโ€™re zapped with electricity.
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ืื ืžื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ืื•ืชื
04:03
But stay if itโ€™s a good shell.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
04:05
And octopi that might originally curl up an injured arm to protect it,
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ื•ืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืคืฆื•ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”
04:09
will risk using it to catch prey.
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ื™ืกืชื›ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื˜ืจืฃ.
04:11
That suggests that these animals make value judgments around sensory input,
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
04:16
instead of just reacting reflexively to harm.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”.
04:19
Meanwhile, crabs have been known to repeatedly rub a spot on their bodies
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
04:23
where theyโ€™ve received an electric shock.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
04:26
And even sea slugs flinch when they know theyโ€™re about to receive
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื ื ืจืชืขื™ื
ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ ืœื ื ืขื™ื.
04:29
a noxious stimulus.
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04:31
That means they have some memory of physical sensations.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
04:35
We still have a lot to learn about animal pain.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:38
As our knowledge grows, it may one day allow us to live in a world
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœ,
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืื‘ ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš.
04:42
where we donโ€™t cause pain needlessly.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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