Rogier van der Heide: Why light needs darkness

譯者: Joan Liu 審譯者: YUTING HUANG

在螢幕上有個美妙的見解：

There's a beautiful statement on the screen that says,

「光線創造氛圍，

"Light creates ambiance, light makes the feel of a space,

光線製造空間的感受，

且光線是構造的表現。」

and light is also the expression of structure."

Well, that was not by me.

這不是我說的，

That was, of course, by Le Corbusier, the famous architect.

是名建築家

柯比意說的。

And here you can see what he meant in one of his beautiful buildings --

在這裡你可以從他美麗的建築物中

瞧出端倪。

the chapel Notre Dame Du Haut De Ronchamp --

巴黎廊香教堂便是一棟

where he creates this light that he could only make because there's also dark.

他運用光線的範例，

而這樣的光線必須由黑暗相伴。

而我認為這是

And I think that is the quintessence of this 18-minute talk --

這十八分鐘演講的精華：

that there is no good lighting that is healthy and for our well-being

若沒有適當的黑暗，

就沒有所謂的

without proper darkness.

健康、有用的光明。

So this is how we normally would light our offices.

這是我們平常如何照明辦公室。

We have codes and standards that tell us that the lights should be so much Lux

我們有規範和標準

告訴我們燈光需要多亮

and of great uniformity.

且需要多整齊。

這是我們如何

This is how we create uniform lighting from one wall to the other

利用整齊的光格

製造兩牆間一致的照明。

in a regular grid of lamps.

And that is quite different from what I just showed you

而這與我剛剛給你們看的

柯比意運用的方式

from Le Corbusier.

是很不同的。

If we would apply these codes and standards

如果我們運用一樣的規範和標準

在羅馬的神殿中，

to the Pantheon in Rome,

it would never have looked like this,

它看起來就不會是這樣的，

because this beautiful light feature that goes around there all by itself

因為這美麗的光線特色

讓光可以環繞自己，

只能存在於

can only appear because there is also darkness in that same building.

建築物本身也包含黑暗的狀況下。

And the same is more or less what Santiago Calatrava said

同樣的Santiago Calatrava（西班牙建築家）說：

when he said, "Light: I make it in my buildings for comfort."

「我在我的建築中使用光線，

來達到舒適感。」

And he didn't mean the comfort of a five-course dinner

且他的意思不是五道式晚宴

as opposed to a one-course meal,

與一道式簡餐的差別，

but he really meant the comfort

而是建築物本身

of the quality of the building for the people.

帶給人的舒適感。

He meant that you can see the sky and that you can experience the sun.

他的意思是你可以看天空

且感受到太陽。

And he created these gorgeous buildings where you can see the sky,

且他設計了一些華麗的建築，

從中你可以看到天空

and where you can experience the sun,

亦可感受陽光。

that give us a better life in the built environment,

那讓我們在這樣設計的環境中有更好的生活，

因為光的明亮

just because of the relevance of light in its brightness and also in its shadows.

也因為光的陰影。

And what it all boils down to is, of course, the sun.

這全都是因為太陽。

這張太陽的圖片可能會讓人覺得

And this image of the Sun may suggest

太陽是個邪惡且具侵略性的東西。

that the Sun is something evil and aggressive,

but we should not forget

但我們不該忘記的是

that all energy on this planet actually comes from the Sun,

這星球上所有的能量都來自於太陽。

and light is only a manifestation of that energy.

且光線僅僅只是

這能量的表象。

The sun is for dynamics, for color changes.

太陽是動態的、會改變顏色的，

太陽是我們環境中美麗的來源，

The sun is for beauty in our environment,

就像在這個建築物中--

like in this building -- the High Museum in Atlanta,

亞特蘭大的高等藝術博物館--

which has been created by Renzo Piano from Italy,

是由義大利的倫佐皮亞諾

和奧雅納萊丁共同創造的。

together with Arup Lighting, a brilliant team of lighting designers,

這是組非常聰明的光線設計師，

who created a very subtle modulation of light across the space,

他們設計了

一個非常微妙的光線變化，

讓空間中的光線

responding to what the sun does outside,

能隨著室外陽光作變化，

just because of all these beautiful openings in the roof.

而他們運用的就是天花板的孔洞。

So in an indirect way, you can see the sun.

所以間接的

人們可以看到太陽。

And what they did is they created an integral building element

所以他們做的是

設計了一個與建築物融合的元素

to improve the quality of the space that surrounds the visitors of the museum.

來改善空間的品質，

來包圍博物館中的參觀民眾。

他們設計了這樣的遮光物，

They created this shade that you can see here,

在螢幕上可以看到，

which actually covers the sun,

可以遮住太陽

但讓天空中許多光線進入。

but opens up to the good light from the sky.

在這裡你們可以看到

And here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process

他們如何在設計過程中

運用物理模型

with physical models,

with quantitative as well as qualitative methods,

運用量化和質化的方法

to come to a final solution that is truly integrated

才來到這個最終的東西，

這是真正融合

and completely holistic with the architecture.

整個建築物的設計。

They allowed themselves a few mistakes along the way.

在過程中他們讓自己有犯錯的空間。

As you can see here, there's some direct light on the floor,

就像你們可以看到的，地上有些直射的光，

但他們可以很輕易的找出問題來源。

but they could easily figure out where that comes from.

且他們讓在屋子中的人

And they allow people in that building to really enjoy the sun,

可以盡情地享受陽光，

有用的陽光。

the good part of the sun.

享受陽光

And enjoying the sun can be in many different ways, of course.

可以有很多不同種的方式。

It can be just like this,

可以只是這樣，

or maybe like this, which is rather peculiar,

或是這樣有些怪的方式，

but this is in 1963 --

但這是1963年--

在美國看到的

the viewing of a sun eclipse in the United States.

日蝕。

這邊有點太亮了，

And it's just a bit bright up there,

so these people have found a very intriguing solution.

所以人們想到了這樣有趣的解決方式。

This is, I think, a very illustrative image of what I try to say --

這是，我認為很能說明我想要解釋的東西--

就是太陽美妙的變化，

that the beautiful dynamics of sun, bringing these into the building,

當融入建築物後，

可以創造一個能夠

creates a quality of our built environment that truly enhances our lives.

提升生活品質的環境。

And this is all about darkness

且這全都與黑暗有關

重要程度跟光線一樣，

as much as it is about lightness, of course,

因為如果沒有黑暗就感受不到變化。

because otherwise you don't see these dynamics.

As opposed to the first office

相對於我一開始

that I showed you in the beginning of the talk,

給你們看的辦公室，

this is a well-known office, which is the Weidt Group.

這是一間很有名的辦公室，叫做白組織。

They are in green energy consulting, or something like that.

他們做的是類似綠色能源諮商的事情。

And they really practice what they preach

且他們真的言行一致，

because this office doesn't have any electric lighting at all.

因為他們的辦公室沒有使用任何電力照明。

It has only, on one side, this big, big glass window

他們只有一邊

有很大很大的玻璃窗戶

that helps to let the sunlight enter deep into the space

可以讓太陽光進來，

進到空間當中，

and create a beautiful quality there and a great dynamic range.

且產生了這美妙的特色和動態的變化。

So it can be very dim over there, and you do your work,

所以那邊可以很暗，且你可以做事，

and it can be very bright over there, and you do your work.

也可以很亮，你仍然可以做事。

But actually, the human eye turns out to be remarkably adaptable

但事實上人眼

是據有極高適應性的，

to all these different light conditions that together create an environment

對於各種的光線變化，

讓這些創造一個

that is never boring and that is never dull,

永遠不會無聊單調的環境，

and therefore helps us to enhance our lives.

且讓我們改善生活。

I really owe a short introduction of this man to you.

我應該要介紹一個人。

This is Richard Kelly who was born 100 years ago,

他叫做裡查克利。

他生於一百年前，

which is the reason I bring him up now, because it's kind of an anniversary year.

這也是我要提他的原因，

因為有點像是週年紀念。

In the 1930s, Richard Kelly was the first person to really describe

在1930年代，裡查克利是第一個

真的去解釋

a methodology of modern lighting design.

現代燈光設計方法的人。

And he coined three terms,

他創立了三個名詞，

which are "focal glow," "ambient luminescence"

「焦點光」、

「環境照明」、

and "play of the brilliants" --

和「亮點特色」。

three very distinctly different ideas about light in architecture

雖然是建築照明中

非常不同的東西，

that all together make up this beautiful experience.

但加起來

組成美妙的體驗。

So to begin with, focal glow.

所以從焦點光開始。

He meant something like this --

他是指

where the light gives direction to the space

光線如何在空間中指示方位

and helps you to get around.

且幫助你找到要去的地方。

Or something like this,

換句話說，像他幫

which is the lighting design he did for General Motors,

General Motors設計的汽車展示場。

for the car showroom.

當你進到那個空間時，

And you enter that space,

and you feel like, "Wow! This is so impressive,"

會感受到「哇！這令人印象深刻」

just because of this focal point, this huge light source in the middle.

就是因為有焦點光，

就是中間的巨大光來源。

對我來說這是從劇場來的，

To me, it is something from theater,

and I will get back to that a little bit later.

我晚點再回來說這個。

It's the spotlight on the artist that helps you to focus.

這是照在藝術家的聚光燈，

幫助你聚焦。

It could also be the sunlight that breaks through the clouds

這也可以是透過雲層照出來的太陽光

and lights up a patch of the land,

照亮一小塊地，

highlighting it compared to the dim environment.

讓它在旁邊暗的環境中

顯得突出。

Or it can be in today's retail, in the shopping environment --

或是可以是今天的零售店，在一個買東西的環境中，

照亮商品

lighting the merchandise and creating accents that help you to get around.

製造一個讓你到處逛逛的氛圍。

Ambient luminescence is something very different.

環境照明則不同。

Richard Kelly saw it as something infinite,

裡查克利認為它是無邊的，

something without any focus,

是沒有焦點的，

something where all details actually dissolve in infinity.

是個所有細節

都散在無邊的環境中。

And I see it as a very comfortable kind of light that really helps us to relax

我認為它是一個舒適的光線，

讓我們放鬆

及思考。

and to contemplate.

It could also be something like this:

它也可以是這樣的：

the National Museum of Science in London,

在倫敦的國家科學博物館中，

where this blue is embracing all the exhibitions and galleries

藍光

圍繞著所有的展示品

in one large gesture.

及展覽廳。

And then finally,

然後最後，克利運用亮點。

Kelly's play of brilliants added to that

就像是香港的地平線，

really some play, I think, of the skyline of Hong Kong,

or perhaps the chandelier in the opera house,

或是歌劇院的水晶燈，

or in the theater here,

或是這個劇場，

which is the decoration, the icing on the cake, something playful,

就是個裝飾，

像是蛋糕上的糖衣，有趣的東西，

something that is just an addition to the architectural environment,

或是只是一個

附加在建築物環境的東西。

I would say.

These three distinct elements, together,

這三樣不同的元素

加在一起可以製造一個

make a lighting environment that helps us to feel better.

讓我們感覺更好的環境。

And we can only create these out of darkness.

且這只能在有黑暗的狀況下才能達到。

我會再解釋更多。

And I will explain that further.

And I guess that is something that Richard Kelly, here on the left,

我猜這是裡查克利，在左手的那位，

was explaining to Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe.

想要解釋給Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe（德國建築師）聽的。

And behind them, you see that Seagram Building

在他們後面你可以看到西格拉母大廈，

這座建築之後

that later turned into an icon of modern lighting design.

成為現代燈光設計的代表。

Those times, there were some early attempts

在那時候，已經開始有一些

早期的燈光治療。

also for light therapy already.

You can see here a photo

你看到這裡是美國醫藥圖書館，

from the United States Library of Medicine,

where people are put in the sun to get better.

有些人在太陽光下療傷。

這是有點不一樣的，

It's a little bit of a different story, this health aspect of light,

這個光的健康因素，

than what I'm telling you today.

這部份和我今天要談的不大一樣。

In today's modern medicine,

在現今的醫學中，

對光線有一定的瞭解，

there is a real understanding of light in an almost biochemical way.

且主要是以生化的角度來看待。

And there is the idea that, when we look at things,

有這樣的說法：

當我們看東西時，

黃光對我們幫助最大，

it is the yellow light that helps us the most,

that we are the most sensitive for.

且是我們最敏感的光源。

But our circadian rhythms,

但我們的晝夜節律

就是調控我們起床、睡覺、

which are the rhythms that help us to wake and sleep

清醒、放鬆的節律，

and be alert and relaxed and so forth and so on,

they are much more triggered by blue light.

反而對藍光比較敏感。

And by modulating the amount of blue in our environment,

利用調節環境中的

藍光，

we can help people to relax, or to be alert,

我們可以幫助人們放鬆或警戒、

睡眠或清醒。

to fall asleep, or to stay awake.

And that is how, maybe in the near future, light can help hospitals

這也是

或許在不遠的未來

醫院可以利用光線

to make people better sooner, recover them quicker.

來幫助病人

更快康復。

Maybe in the airplane, we can overcome jet lag like that.

或是在飛航中，

我們可以利用這個克服時差。

Perhaps in school, we can help children to learn better

或是在學校，我們可以幫助孩子們學習，

因為他們可以更專注於學習。

because they concentrate more on their work.

And you can imagine a lot more applications.

且你們可以想出更多用途。

But I would like to talk further

但我想要更深入地談

about the combination of light and darkness

光與暗

的結合

在我們生活品質的影響。

as a quality in our life.

So light is, of course, for social interaction also --

光，顯然的，與社會互動有關，

能夠建立我們

to create relationships with all the features around us.

與生活周遭的關係。

It is the place where we gather around

它是當我們有事情要和別人說時

when we have to say something to each other.

圍繞的中心。

And it is all about this planet.

且它也敘述了這個地球。

But when you look at this planet at night,

但當你在夜晚看這顆行星時，它會長這樣。

it looks like this.

且我認為這是我今天的演講中

And I think this is the most shocking image in my talk today.

最驚人的一張圖片。

Because all this light here goes up to the sky.

因為這裡所有的光

都會到天空去。

It never reaches the ground where it was meant for.

光不會到達

它應該到的地面上。

It never is to the benefit of people.

它不會幫助人類。

It only spoils the darkness.

它只會糟蹋黑暗。

So at a global scale, it looks like this.

所以在世界的尺度看，看起來像這樣。

And, I mean, that is quite amazing, what you see here --

我的意思是，這非常驚人的，你可以看到

how much light goes up into the sky and never reaches the ground.

有多少光往天上去

且不會到地面。

Because if we look at the Earth the way it should be,

因為地球應有的樣子，

it would be something like this very inspiring image

會是個看起來非常具有啓發性的圖像，

where darkness is for our imagination and for contemplation

它的陰影幫助我們想像、

讓我們沈思、

and to help us to relate to everything.

讓我們更加瞭解我們與周遭的關係。

但這個世界正在改變，

The world is changing though,

and urbanization is a big driver of everything.

且文明是所有事情的驅動力。

我兩個禮拜前在廣州拍了這張照片，

I took this photo two weeks ago in Guangzhou,

and I realized that 10 years ago,

而我意識到十年前，

there was nothing like this, of these buildings.

不會有這樣的建築物。

It was just a much smaller city,

只會有個小很多的城市，

且文明的腳步

and the pace of urbanization is incredible and enormous.

是驚人且巨大的。

And we have to understand these main questions:

所以我們需要瞭解，最重要的問題是：

How do people move through these new urban spaces?

人們如何在不同的文明中移動？

他們如何分享他們的文化？

How do they share their culture?

How do we tackle things like mobility?

我們該如何解釋移動這種事情？

且光要如何幫助我們？

And how can light help there?

因為有新的科技，

Because the new technologies,

they seem to be in a really interesting position

他們似乎處在一個非常有趣的位置，

to contribute to the solutions of urbanization

讓他們能夠提供文明的解答

且讓我們有更好的環境。

and to provide us with better environments.

在不久以前

It's not that long ago

that our lighting was just done with these kinds of lamps.

我們的光還來自於

這樣的燈泡。

And of course, we had the metal-halide lamps

當然的，我們也有金屬鹵化燈和螢光燈

and fluorescent lamps and things like that.

那類的東西。

Now we have LED,

現在我們有LED，

but here you see the latest one, and you see how incredibly small it is.

這裡你可以看到最新的，

你可以看到他有多麼小。

And this is exactly what offers us a unique opportunity,

且這提供了我們獨一無二的機會，

因為這很小很小，

because this tiny, tiny size allows us

讓我們可以隨心所欲地置放光。

to put the light wherever we really need it.

And we can actually leave it out where it's not needed at all

我們也可以在我們不需要的地方取消光，

讓我們可以保存黑暗。

and where we can preserve darkness.

且我認為這是一個非常有趣的主張，

So that is a really interesting proposition, I think,

and a new way of lighting the architectural environment

一個新的光線用法，建築一個

以我們的健康為出發點的環境。

with our well-being in mind.

The problem is, though, that I wanted to explain to you how this really works --

問題是我想要解釋給你們聽這怎麼運作的，

但我沒有辦法在手中一次拿四個這個東西，

but I can have four of these on my finger,

你們會沒有辦法看到。

so you would not be able to really see them.

So I asked our laboratory to do something about it,

所以我請我們實驗室解決這個問題，

且他們說：「好，我們可以解決這個問題。」

and they said, "Well, we can do something."

他們幫我創造了一個世界上最大的LED，

They created for me the biggest LED in the world

especially for TEDx in Amsterdam.

專門為阿姆斯特丹TEDx製造的。

So here it is.

就在這了。

It's the same thing as you can see over there --

這跟你們在那看到的一樣，只是大了兩百倍。

just 200 times bigger.

且我會很快地給你們看這怎麼運作的。

And I will very quickly show you how it works.

So just to explain.

好，解釋一下。

Now, every LED that is made these days gives blue light.

現今製造的每個LED燈

都是藍色光的。

Now, this is not very pleasant and comfortable.

這不是非常愉快和舒適的。

由於這個原因，

And for that reason, we cover the LED with a phosphor cap.

我們在LED上

加上磷光劑，

And the phosphor is excited by the blue

磷會被藍光激發

and makes the light white and warm and pleasant.

成為溫暖且舒服的白光。

And then when you add the lens to that,

然後你在上面加個透鏡，

you can bundle the light and send it wherever you need it

就可以將光線聚集成束狀，你可以讓光照到任何你想要的地方，

without any need to spill any light to the sky or anywhere else.

且不會有多餘的光跑到

天空或是你不想要的任何地方。

So you can preserve the darkness and make the light.

所以你可以保存黑暗且製造光亮。

I just wanted to show that to you so you understand how this works.

我只是想要給你們看這個，

所以你們會瞭解這如何運作的。

(Applause)

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

我們可以繼續。

We can go further.

So we have to rethink the way we light our cities.

所以我們需要重新思考我們如何照明城市。

We have to think again about light as a default solution.

我們需要重新思考

光線如何作為初始的解決方案。

為什麼這些道路永遠亮著呢？

Why are all these motorways permanently lit?

這真的是需要的嗎？

Is it really needed?

Can we maybe be much more selective

我們是不是可以做更好的選擇

and create better environments that also benefit from darkness?

來建造一個更好的環境讓我們可以從黑暗中得利？

我們可以更溫和地使用光嗎？

Can we be much more gentle with light?

像在這裡，這是個低光線的環境。

Like here -- this is a very low light level actually.

我們是不是可以讓更多人參與

Can we engage people more in the lighting projects that we create,

這個我們創造的照明計畫，

so they really want to connect with it, like here?

所以他們真的能夠感受到光？就像在這裡。

Or can we create simply sculptures

或是我們是不是可以建立一個

that are very inspiring to be in and to be around?

能夠讓在理面和在周圍的人感到振奮的雕塑品？

And can we preserve the darkness?

我們是不是可以保存黑暗？

Because to find a place like this today on Earth

因為今天要在地球上找到一個像這樣的地方

is really very, very challenging.

非常非常難。

And to find a starry sky like this is even more difficult.

若要找到這樣的星空就更難了。

就算在海洋上，我們也用了很多光線。

Even in the oceans, we are creating a lot of light

且為了動物們生活、達到更好的環境，

that we could actually ban

also for animal life to have a much greater well-being.

這些光線事實上是可以拿掉的。

舉例來說，候鳥

And it's known that migrating birds, for example, get very disoriented

會因為這些不在岸上的光源

because of these offshore platforms.

而方向錯亂。

And we discovered that when we make those lights green,

且我們發現，如果我們將這些光改成綠色的，

鳥兒們就會往對的方向飛。

the birds, they actually go the right way.

他們就不再被影響了。

They are not disturbed anymore.

And it turns out once again

所以再次的，

that spectral sensitivity is very important here.

光譜靈敏度

非常重要。

我認為在這所有例子中，

In all of these examples, I think,

we should start making the light out of darkness,

我們應該要從黑暗中製造光線，

and use the darkness as a canvas -- like the visual artists do,

且將黑暗當作帆布，

就像視覺藝術家一樣，

like Edward Hopper in this painting.

像Edward Hopper在這幅畫表現的一樣。

I think that there is a lot of suspense in this painting.

我認為這幅畫中有很多懸念。

I think, when I see it, I start to think, who are those people?

我想，當我看到它時，

我會想，這些人是誰？

Where have they come from? Where are they going?

他們從拿裡來？他們要去哪裡？

剛剛發生了什麼事？接下來的五分中會發生什麼事？

What just happened?

What will be happening in the next five minutes?

而且它之所以會給人這麼多想像這麼多懸念

And it only embodies all these stories and all this suspense

就是因為他運用的黑暗和光線。

because of the darkness and the light.

Edward Hopper是個

Edward Hopper was a real master

運用光與暗

in creating the narration by working with light and dark.

來製造旁白的大師。

And we can learn from that

且我們可以從中學習，

and create more interesting and inspiring architectural environments.

來創造更多有趣且具啓發性的建築環境。

We can do that in commercial spaces like this.

我們可以在像這樣的商業場合這麼做。

And you can still also go outside

且你仍然可以到外面

且享受宇宙最棒的演出，

and enjoy the greatest show in the universe,

當然的，就是宇宙自己。

which is, of course, the universe itself.

So I give you this wonderful, informative image of the sky,

所以我給你們這個美妙的、富含資訊的

天空之圖，

ranging from the inner city,

從市中心

where you may see one or two stars and nothing else,

只能看到一、兩顆星星其他都看不到，

一直到鄉村地方

all the way to the rural environments,

可以欣賞

where you can enjoy this great and gorgeous and beautiful performance

星座和星星編織出來

of the constellations and the stars.

美妙地演出。

在建築上也是一樣的。

In architecture, it works just the same.

By appreciating the darkness when you design the light,

當你設計光線時，透過欣賞黑暗，

你可以創造更多有趣的、

you create much more interesting environments

that truly enhance our lives.

可以改善生活的環境。

This is the most well-known example, Tadao Ando's Church of the Light.

這是最有名的例子，

Tadao Ando的教堂之光。

But I also think of Peter Zumthor's spa in Vals,

但我也想到

Peter Zumthor在瓦爾斯的溫泉，

where light and dark, in very gentle combinations,

在那裡光與暗溫和地結合、

alter each other to define the space.

改變對方來定義空間。

Or Richard MacCormac's Southwark tube station in London,

或是Richard McCormach在倫敦建造的南部地鐵站，

一個你可以在地底下

where you can really see the sky, even though you are under the ground.

看到天空的設計。

And finally, I want to point out

最後我要說明，

that a lot of this inspiration comes from theater.

很多的想法來自於劇場。

And I think it's fantastic that we are today experiencing TEDx

且我認為我們今天的TEDx

in a theater for the first time

第一次在劇場舉辦很棒，

because I think we really owe to the theater a big thanks.

因為我認為我們欠劇場很多。

It wouldn't be such an inspiring scenography

若不是劇場，

這些場景不會這麼振奮人心。

without this theater.

And I think the theater is a place where we truly enhance life with light.

且我認為劇場是一個

我們真正利用光來改善生活的地方。

謝謝。

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

（掌聲）