Haas&Hahn: How painting can transform communities

譯者: Yamei Huang 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

Dre Urhahn: This theater is built on Copacabana,

德瑞·尤漢：這個電影院 是建在卡巴卡巴那，

which is the most famous beach in the world,

這裡有世界上最美麗的沙灘，

but 25 kilometers away from here

距離這裡有 25 公里的

in the North Zone of Rio

里約熱內盧北部

lies a community called Vila Cruzeiro,

有一個叫做維拉克魯塞羅的社區，

and roughly 60,000 people live there.

大約有 60,000 人住在那裡。

Now, the people here in Rio mostly know

里約熱內盧的人，大都只在新聞裡

Vila Cruzeiro from the news,

得知維拉克魯塞羅這個地方，

and unfortunately, news from Vila Cruzeiro often

不幸的是，來自維拉克魯塞羅的新聞

通常不是好消息。

is not good news.

But Vila Cruzeiro is also the place

不過維拉克魯塞羅是

where our story begins.

我們故事開始的地方。

Jeroen Koolhaas: Ten years ago, we first came to Rio

耶容·庫哈斯：10 年前， 我們第一次到里約熱內盧

to shoot a documentary about life in the favelas.

來拍攝關於貧民窟生活的記錄片，

Now, we learned that favelas are informal communities.

我們得知貧民窟是非正式社區。

They emerged over the years

他們過去幾年來慢慢出現，

when immigrants from the countryside

是由於鄉村的居民遷移

came to the cities looking for work,

到城裡找工作，

like cities within the cities,

有如城市裡的城市，

known for problems like crime, poverty,

貧民窟以犯罪問題、貧窮，

and the violent drug war between

還有警察與毒梟之間的

police and the drug gangs.

暴力衝突而聞名。

So what struck us was that

令我們感到震撼的是，

these were communities that the people

這個社區是由

who lived there had built with their own hands,

居住在這裡的居民親手打造，

without a master plan

沒有作整體規劃，

and like a giant work in progress.

像在進行一項巨大工程。

Where we're from, in Holland,

我們來自荷蘭，

everything is planned.

在那裡，做事情都是經過規劃的。

We even have rules for how to follow the rules.

我們甚至有「如何遵守規則」的規則。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

DU: So the last day of filming, we ended up

德瑞：拍攝的最後一天，我們到

in Vila Cruzeiro, and we were sitting down

維拉克魯塞羅，我們坐著

and we had a drink,

一面喝酒，

and we were overlooking this hill

一面眺望這座山。

with all these houses,

山上有許房屋，

and most of these houses looked unfinished,

這些房屋尚未建造完成，

and they had walls of bare brick,

外牆上的磚塊祼露。

but we saw some of these houses

但我們看到一些房子

which were plastered and painted,

已粉刷及塗上油漆，

and suddenly we had this idea:

突然間我們有一個構想：

what would it look like if all these houses

如果這些房子全經過粉刷塗上油漆

would be plastered and painted?

會是怎樣一個情況呢？

And then we imagined one big design,

然後我們想像一個大設計，

one big work of art.

一件大藝術作品。

Who would expect something like that

在這種地方，

in a place like this?

有誰會期望有這樣的作品？

So we thought, would that even be possible?

我們想，這想法可行嗎？

So first we started to count the houses,

因此我們開始數房子的數量，

but we soon lost count.

但數不清楚。

But somehow the idea stuck.

不知怎麼地這個想法僵住了。

JK: We had a friend.

耶容：我們有一個朋友。

He ran an NGO in Vila Cruzeiro.

他維拉克魯塞羅經營一個非政府組織。

His name was Nanko,

他叫南科，

and he also liked the idea.

他也喜歡這個想法。

He said, "You know, everybody here

他說：你知道嗎，這裡的每一個人

would pretty much love to have their houses

非常喜歡將自己的房子

plastered and painted.

粉刷及漆上顏色。

It's when a house is finished."

這時才可說：房子已蓋好。

So he introduced us to the right people,

他介紹二個適當人選

and Vitor and Maurinho became our crew.

維托和慕里尼奧加入我們。

We picked three houses in the center of the community

我們挑選社區中心的三間房子

and we start here. We made a few designs,

作為開始。我們做了許多設計，

and everybody liked this design

其中那個男孩放風箏的設計

of a boy flying a kite the best.

So we started painting, and the first thing we did

所以我們開始上油漆，第一步是

was to paint everything blue,

把所有的房屋都漆成藍色，

and we thought that looked already pretty good.

我們覺得看起來相當不錯。

But they hated it. The people who lived there really hated it.

但他們不喜歡。 當地的居民非常不喜歡藍色房子。

They said, "What did you do?

他們問：你這是在幹什麼？

You painted our house in exactly the same color

你們把房子的顏色漆成和

as the police station."

警察局的顏色一樣。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

In a favela, that is not a good thing.

在貧民窟，這可不是一件好事。

Also the same color as the prison cell.

而且與牢房的顏色相同。

So we quickly went ahead and we painted the boy,

所以我們趕緊進行下一步， 畫出那個男孩子，

and then we thought we were finished,

然後我們認為已經完成了，

we were really happy, but still,

我們非常開心，但是，

it wasn't good because the little kids started coming up to us,

這不好，因為小孩子開始來找我們，

and they said, "You know, there's a boy flying the kite,

然後問：那男孩子在放風箏，

but where is his kite?"

但風箏在那裡呢？

We said, "Uh, it's art.

我們說：嗯，這是藝術。

You know, you have to imagine the kite."

你得自己想像風箏。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And they said, "No, no, no, we want to see the kite."

小孩子們說：不不不， 我們要看到那個風箏。

So we quickly installed a kite

所以，我們組裝一個風箏

way up high on the hill,

架在高高的山上，

so that you could see the boy flying the kite

這樣就可以看到男孩子放風箏

and you could actually see a kite.

和真的看到一個風箏。

So the local news started writing about it,

當地新聞開始報導這件事，

which was great,

這非常好，

and then even The Guardian wrote about it:

甚至英國衛報也有相關報導：

"Notorious slum becomes open-air gallery."

「惡名昭彰的貧民窟變成露天藝廊」。

JK: So, encouraged by this success,

耶容：這成功讓我們倍受鼓舞，

we went back to Rio for a second project,

我們回到里約熱內盧執行第二個計劃，

and we stumbled upon this street.

我們無意間走到這條街。

It was covered in concrete to prevent mudslides,

為防止土石流而舖上水泥，

and somehow we saw a sort of river in it,

我們好像看到一條河，

and we imagined this river to be a river in Japanese style

想像這是一條日式的河

with koi carp swimming upstream.

河裡有錦鯉魚逆游而上。

So we decided to paint that river,

我們決定畫出這條河，

and we invited Rob Admiraal,

我們邀請羅伯·亞德米若，

who is a tattoo artist,

他是個紋身藝術家，

and he specialized in the Japanese style.

也擅長日式風格。

So little did we know that we would spend

一開始時我們不知道竟然要花

almost an entire year painting that river,

將近一年的時間來畫這條河，

together with Geovani and Robinho and Vitor,

和住在附近的喬凡尼、

羅比尼奧和維托一起畫。

who lived nearby.

And we even moved into the neighborhood

我們甚至住進這個社區，

when one of the guys that lived on the street, Elias,

住在那條街的艾里亞斯

told us that we could come and live in his house,

告訴我們可以搬進他家，

together with his family,

與他家人一起住，

which was fantastic.

這太棒了。

Unfortunately, during that time,

不幸地，在這段期間，

another war broke out between the police

警察與毒梟

and the drug gangs.

發生火拼。

(Video) (Gunfire)

（影片）（槍聲）

We learned that during those times,

我們這時了解到，

people in communities really stick together

社區裡的人非常團結

during these times of hardship,

一起共渡難關，

but we also learned a very important element,

我們也了解一個重要因素，

the importance of barbecues. (Laughter)

烤肉活動的重要。（笑聲）

Because, when you throw a barbecue,

因為舉辦烤肉活動時，

it turns you from a guest into a host,

你由客人變成主人，

so we decided to throw one

所以我們決定每兩週

almost every other week,

舉辦一次烤肉活動，

and we got to know everybody in the neighborhood.

因此我們認識社區裡的每一個人。

JK: We still had this idea of the hill, though.

耶容：對這座山我們仍有想法。

DU: Yeah, yeah, we were talking about

德瑞：是的，我們當時正在談論

the scale of this, because this painting

它的規模，因為這幅畫作

was incredibly big,

相當的大，

and it was insanely detailed,

又極其龐雜，

and this process almost drove us completely insane ourselves.

這個過程幾乎把我們搞瘋了。

But we figured that maybe, during this process,

但我們認為，或許在這個過程中，

all the time that we had spent in the neighborhood

我們在社區一起渡過的時光，

was maybe actually even more important

可能實際上比繪畫本身

than the painting itself.

還重要。

JK: So after all that time,

耶容：從此以後，

this hill, this idea was still there,

這座山，這個構想仍存在，

and we started to make sketches,

我們開始畫草圖、

models, and we figured something out.

模型，然後發現一些特別的事。

We figured that our ideas, our designs

我們發現我們的想法和設計

had to be a little bit more simple than that last project

相較於上一個計劃， 必須要再簡單一些，

so that we could paint with more people

才能讓更多人一起畫，

and cover more houses at the same time.

同時彩繪更多的房子。

And we had an opportunity to try that out

我們有一個機會，去實現我們的想法，

in a community in the central part of Rio,

就在里約熱內盧中心

which is called Santa Marta,

一個叫做聖塔馬塔的地方，

and we made a design for this place

我們把這個地方做了設計，

which looked like this,

看起來像這個樣子，

and then we got people to go along with it

我們說服人們接受這個設計

because turns out that if your idea is ridiculously big,

因為如果你的構想大到不像話的話，

it's easier to get people to go along with this. (Laughter)

就更容易得到大家的贊同。（笑聲）

And the people of Santa Marta

聖塔馬塔的居民

got together and in a little over a month

大家聚在一起， 在一個多月的時間內，

they turned that square into this.

把那廣場變成這個樣子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And this image somehow went all over the world.

不知怎麼回事， 這張照片傳遍全世界，

DU: So then we received an unexpected phone call

德瑞：我們收到一通意想不到的電話，

from the Philadelphia Mural Arts Program,

是從費城壁畫藝術計劃打來的，

and they had this question

他們問了個問題

if this idea, our approach,

這計劃、這方法

if this would actually work in North Philly,

是否可以在費城的北部實施，

which is one of the poorest neighborhoods

這裡是美國

in the United States.

最貧窮的社區之一。

So we immediately said yes.

我們立刻答應。

We had no idea how,

我們還不知道如何做，

but it seemed like a very interesting challenge,

但看起來是個有趣的挑戰，

so we did exactly the same as we did in Rio,

於是我們做了在里約熱內盧 所做的事一樣，

and we moved into the neighborhood

我們搬進社區

and started barbecuing.

並開始舉辦烤肉活動。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So the project took almost two years to complete,

這個計劃大約花二年的時間完成，

and we made individual designs

我們為街上的每個房子

for every single house on the avenue that we painted,

做了個別的設計，

and we made these designs together

我們與他人一起設計

with the local store owners, the building owners,

他們是當地的店家和屋主，

and a team of about a dozen young men and women.

還有一隊大約 12 人的年輕人。

They were hired, and then they were trained as painters,

我們僱用他們，訓練他們，

and together they transformed their own neighborhood,

一起將他們自己的社區、

the whole street, into a giant patchwork of color.

街道，變成一幅巨大的彩色拼貼。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And at the end, the city of Philadelphia

最後，費城的居民

thanked every single one of them

感謝每位參與的人，

and gave them a merit for their accomplishment.

對他們的成果給予獎勵。

JK: So now we had painted a whole street.

耶容：我們完成了整條街。

How about we do this whole hill now?

接下來我們著手這座山，如何？

We started looking for funding,

我們開始找資金，

but instead, we just ran into questions,

但遇到一些問題，

like, how many houses are you going to paint?

像是有多少棟房子要粉刷？

How many square meters is that?

有多少平方公尺要做？

How much paint are you going to use,

要使用多少塗料？

and how many people are you going to employ?

要僱用多少人？

And we did try for years to write plans

我們嘗試好幾年的時間

for the funding and answer all those questions,

為籌資及回答這些問題寫計劃書，

but then we thought,

但我們也想，

in order to answer all those questions,

為了回答這些問題，

you have to know exactly what you're going to do

必須在你到那裡和開始執行以前

before you actually get there and start.

確實了解你要怎麼做。

And maybe it's a mistake to think like that.

或許這麼想是錯的。

It would lose some of the magic that we had learned

會失去一些我們所學到的神奇事物，

about that if you go somewhere

也就是你到某個地方

and you spend time there,

並住在那裡所能學到的事物，

you can let the project grow organically

你可以讓計劃有機地成長，

and have a life of its own.

有屬於它自己的生命。

DU: So what we did is

德瑞：我們做的是，

we decided to take this plan and strip it away

決定將這個計劃

from all the numbers

撇開所有的數字、

and all the ideas and presumptions

構想和假設，

and just go back to the base idea,

然後回到最基本的想法，

which was to transform this hill

就是把這座山

into a giant work of art.

變成一件巨大的藝術作品。

And instead of looking for funding,

我們不是去找金主募資，

we started a crowdfunding campaign,

而是舉辦群眾捐款活動，

and in a little over a month,

在一個多月的時間內，

more than 1,500 people put together

超過 1,500 人一起

and donated over 100,000 dollars.

募集的捐款超過十萬美金。

So for us, this was an amazing moment, because now —

對我們來說，這是令人驚喜的時刻， 因為現在...

(Applause) —

（掌聲）

because now we finally had the freedom

因為現在我們可自由地運用

to use all the lessons that we had learned

我們所學的經驗，

and create a project that was built

建立一個與我們在貧民窟

the same way that the favela was built,

用一樣的方式所建立起來的計劃，

from the ground on up, bottom up,

從地面到屋頂，由下而上，

with no master plan.

沒有整體規劃。

JK: So we went back, and we employed Angelo,

耶容：所以我們回去僱用安傑洛，

and he's a local artist from Vila Cruzeiro,

他是維拉克魯塞羅的藝術家，

very talented guy, and he knows almost everybody there,

他非常有天份，也幾乎認識當地所有人，

and then we employed Elias, our former landlord

我們也僱用了前房東艾利亞斯

who invited us into his house,

他之前邀請我們去住他的房子，

and he's a master of construction.

他是個建築大師。

Together with them, we decided where to start.

我們攜手合作，一起決定從那裡開始，

We picked this spot in Vila Cruzeiro,

我們選擇從維拉克魯塞羅開始，

and houses are being plastered as we speak.

這時房子正在粉刷。

And the good thing about them is that

有他們參與的好處是

they are deciding which houses go next.

他們決定下一間要刷的房子。

They're even printing t-shirts,

他們甚至畫 T 恤，

they're putting up banners

掛著旗幟

explaining everything to everybody,

向大家解釋這一切，

and talking to the press.

與媒體交流。

This article about Angelo appeared.

這是有關安傑洛的報導。

DU: So while this is happening,

德瑞：正當此時，

we are bringing this idea all over the world.

我們將這個想法帶向全世界。

So, like the project we did in Philadelphia,

有如我們在費城所做的計劃，

we are also invited to do workshops,

我們也被邀請去開工作坊，

for instance in Curaçao,

例如在庫拉索，

and right now we're planning a huge project in Haiti.

現在我們在海地進行一項大計劃。

JK: So the favela was not only the place

耶容：所以貧民窟

where this idea started:

不僅是這個構想的起始點，

it was also the place that made it possible

同時也是沒有整體規劃

to work without a master plan,

也能實現目標的地方，

because these communities are informal —

因為這些社區是非正式的，

this was the inspiration —

才讓我們想到這個好方法，

and in a communal effort, together with the people,

還有，和社區的居民一起努力，

you can almost work like in an orchestra,

就像是在管弦樂隊演奏一樣

where you can have a hundred instruments

有上百種樂器

playing together to create a symphony.

一起演奏出一首交響樂。

DU: So we want to thank everybody who

德瑞：我們要謝謝所有

wanted to become part of this dream

想要成為夢想的一部分，

and supported us along the way,

一路上支持我們的人，

and we are looking at continuing.

我們也會一直持續下去。

JK: Yeah. And so one day pretty soon,

耶容：是的，很快有這麼一天，

when the colors start going up on these walls,

當色彩佈滿整面牆，

we hope more people will join us,

希望有更多人加入我們，

and join this big dream,

參與這個偉大的夢想，

and maybe one day, the whole of Vila Cruzeiro

或許有一天，整個維拉克魯塞羅

will be painted.

將會被漆上色彩。

DU: Thank you.

德瑞：謝謝各位。

(Applause)

（掌聲）