Catherine Bracy: Why good hackers make good citizens

84,307 views ・ 2014-02-25

TED


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譯者: Willy Feng 審譯者: Shiwen He
00:12
I'm going to talk about hackers.
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我要談一談駭客。
00:14
And the image that comes to your mind
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當我說這個字的時候,
00:16
when I say that word is probably not
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你腦海裡出現的圖像可能不是
00:18
of Benjamin Franklin,
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班傑明·富蘭克林 (Benjamin Franklin), (註:美國開國元勳之一)
00:20
but I'm going to explain to you why it should be.
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但我要向你說明,為何應該要是。
00:23
The image that comes to your mind
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你腦海裡出現的圖像
00:24
is probably more likely of a pasty kid
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可能是一個面色蒼白的孩子
00:27
sitting in a basement doing something mischievous,
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正坐在地下室裡搞惡作劇,
00:30
or of a shady criminal who is trying to steal your identity,
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或是不可見人的罪犯想要竊取你的身份,
00:34
or of an international rogue
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或是有政治企圖的
00:37
with a political agenda.
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國際罪犯。
00:39
And mainstream culture has kind of fed this idea
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主流文化灌輸我們這個想法,
00:44
that hackers are people that we should be afraid of.
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認為駭客是我們應當害怕的人。
00:49
But like most things in technology
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但像是在技術上或科技界中的
00:50
and the technology world,
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其它大多數事情一樣,
00:52
hacking has equal power for good as it has for evil.
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駭客同時擁有為善或為惡的能力。
00:55
For every hacker that's trying to steal your identity
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每次出現一位 想要竊取你身份的駭客,
00:57
there's one that's building a tool
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就會有另一位駭客
00:59
that will help you find your loved ones after a disaster
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設計出工具, 幫你在災難後尋找你的至愛。
01:03
or to monitor environmental quality
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或是在漏油事件後,
01:06
after an oil spill.
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監測環境品質。
01:09
Hacking is really just any amateur innovation
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駭客不過是在現行系統中的
01:13
on an existing system,
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業餘創新。
01:14
and it is a deeply democratic activity.
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它本質上是一個民主活動。
01:17
It's about critical thinking.
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它是批判性思維。
01:18
It's about questioning existing ways of doing things.
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它質疑現有的做事方式。
01:21
It's the idea that if you see a problem, you work to fix it,
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它是一個「當你遇到問題就去解決,
01:25
and not just complain about it.
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而不是抱怨」 的觀念。
01:27
And in many ways, hacking is what built America.
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而在許多方面,駭客建造了美國。
01:31
Betsy Ross was a hacker.
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貝特西·羅斯 (Betsy Ross ) 是一個駭客。 (註:她縫製了美國第一面國旗 並將六芒星改成五芒星)
01:33
The Underground Railroad was a brilliant hack.
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地下鐵路秘密社團曾經是輝煌的駭客。 (註:19世紀在美國把黑奴送至自由地區的社團)
01:36
And from the Wright brothers to Steve Jobs,
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從萊特兄弟的史蒂夫·賈伯斯,
01:39
hacking has always been at the foundation
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駭客一直是美國
01:41
of American democracy.
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民主的碁石。
01:44
So if there's one thing I want to leave you here with today,
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因此如果今天我要在這裡 告訴你一件事,
01:49
it's that the next time you think about who a hacker is,
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那就是在下一次你想到駭客時,
01:51
you think not of this guy
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你不會想到這個人, (圖:朱利安·阿桑奇,維基解密創辦者)
01:55
but of this guy, Benjamin Franklin,
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而是這個人:班傑明·富蘭克林,
01:58
who was one of the greatest hackers of all time.
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歷史上最偉大的駭客之一。
02:01
He was one of America's most prolific inventors,
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他是美國最多產的發明家之一,
02:03
though he famously never filed a patent,
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雖然他從未提出過專利申請,
02:05
because he thought that all human knowledge
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因為他認為,所有人類的知識
02:07
should be freely available.
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應免費地提供給所有人。
02:09
He brought us bifocals and the lightning rod,
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他帶給我們雙光眼鏡和避雷針,
02:12
and of course there was his collaboration
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當然還有他參與合作的發明 --
02:15
on the invention of American democracy.
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美國民主。
02:18
And in Code For America, we really try to embody
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在”美國程式碼” (Code For America) 中, (註:美國無黨無派的組織, 在政府中推廣網際網路)
02:20
the spirit of Ben Franklin.
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我們試圖包含 班傑明·富蘭克林的精神。
02:22
He was a tinkerer and a statesman
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他是一位政治家和發明家,
02:25
whose conception of citizenship
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他對公民身份的概念
02:27
was always predicated on action.
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總是建立在行動上面。
02:29
He believed that government could be built
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他認為政府可以
02:32
by the people,
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由人民建立,
02:34
and we call those people civic hackers.
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我們稱呼這些人為公民駭客。
02:38
So it's no wonder that the values
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這個已經不足為奇,因為
02:41
that underly a healthy democracy,
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構建一個健全的民主國家的基本價值,
02:43
like collaboration and empowerment
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像合作和賦予權力,
02:46
and participation and enterprise,
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還有參與和企業,
02:49
are the same values that underly the Internet.
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這些和網際網路 需要的價值是相同的。
02:52
And so it's no surprise that many hackers
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所以不令人意外地,
02:54
are turning their attention to the problem of government.
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很多駭客把注意力轉向政府問題。
02:57
But before I give you a few examples
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但在我向你舉例說明
03:00
of what civic hacking looks like,
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公民駭客是什麼樣的之前,
03:01
I want to make clear that you don't have
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我想要先講清楚,
03:03
to be a programmer to be a civic hacker.
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你不必成為一個程式師, 才能當一個公民駭客。
03:05
You just have to believe that you can bring
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你只需要相信你可以用
03:07
a 21st-century tool set to bear
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一套 21 世紀的工具
03:09
on the problems that government faces.
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來承擔政府面臨的問題。
03:11
And we hear all the time from our community
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我們一直從我們在「美國程式碼」裡
03:13
of civic hackers at Code for America
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的公民駭客社區中聽說,
03:16
that they didn't understand how much nontechnical work
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他們不清楚在公民駭客行動中
03:18
actually went into civic hacking projects.
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有多少非技術性的部分。
03:20
So keep that in mind.
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因此,請記住,
03:22
All of you are potential civic hackers.
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你們都是潛在的公民駭客。
03:26
So what does civic hacking look like?
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那什麼是公民駭客?
03:28
Our team last year in Honolulu,
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我們的團隊去年在檀香山,
03:30
which in this case was three full-time fellows
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由三個全職人員
03:33
who were doing a year of public service,
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做了一年的公共服務,
03:35
were asked by the city to rebuild the website.
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被市府要求重建該網站。
03:39
And it's a massive thing of tens of thousands of pages
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這項大規模任務包含成千上萬頁面,
03:42
which just wasn't going to be possible
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不可能在他們僅有的
03:44
in the few months that they had.
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幾個月內完成。
03:46
So instead, they decided to build a parallel site
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所以,他們決定建立另一個平行網站
03:48
that better conformed to how citizens actually
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可以更好地符合公民能在網站上
03:51
want to interact with information on a city website.
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進行資訊交流的目的。
03:54
They're looking for answers to questions,
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他們在找尋問題的答案,
03:56
and they want to take action when they're done,
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他們想要在完成時採取行動,
03:59
which is really hard to do from a site
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這實在很難從這樣一個網站上做到。
04:01
that looks like this.
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這實在很難從這樣一個網站上做到。
04:03
So our team built Honolulu Answers,
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所以我們的團隊就建了「檀香山解答」,
04:05
which is a super-simple search interface
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那是一個超級簡單的搜尋介面,
04:07
where you enter a search term or a question
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當您輸入關鍵字或一個問題,
04:10
and get back plain language answers
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會得到語言簡明的答案,
04:12
that drive a user towards action.
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來驅動使用者採取行動。
04:15
Now the site itself was easy enough to build,
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網站本身是容易生成的,
04:18
but the team was faced with the challenge
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但是,團隊面臨的挑戰是
04:20
of how they populate all of the content.
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他們如何生出所有的內容。
04:22
It would have taken the three of them
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這將會讓他們三個人
04:24
a very long time,
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花很長時間,
04:25
especially given that none of them are actually from Honolulu.
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尤其是他們都不是檀香山當地人。
04:28
And so they did something that's really radical,
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所以他們做了一件大膽的事,
04:30
when you think about how government
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當你想到政府是如何運作時,
04:32
is used to working.
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這件事就很不尋常了。
04:34
They asked citizens to write the content.
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他們要求公民來寫內容。
04:37
So you've heard of a hack-a-thon.
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你可能聽過「駭客馬拉松」(Hackathon),
04:39
They held a write-a-thon,
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而他們舉辦了 「編寫馬拉松」 (Write-a-thon)。
04:40
where on one Saturday afternoon --
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在一個星期六的下午 --
04:43
("What do I do about wild pigs being a nuisance?") (Laughter) —
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(「對於令人討壓的野豬我該怎麼辦?」) (笑聲)--
04:45
Wild pigs are a huge problem in Honolulu, apparently.
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野豬在檀香山顯然是一個大問題。
04:49
In one Saturday afternoon,
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在一個星期六的下午,
04:51
they were able to populate most of the content
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對於大多數的常見問題,
04:53
for most of the frequently asked questions,
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他們能夠寫出大部分內容。
04:55
but more importantly than that,
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但比這更重要的是,
04:57
they created a new way for citizens to participate in their government.
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他們創造了公民 參與政府事務的新途徑。
05:01
Now, I think this is a really cool story in and of itself,
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現在,我覺得這本身是一個很酷的故事,
05:05
but it gets more awesome.
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但它其實更令人驚豔。
05:07
On the National Day of Civic Hacking
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在公民駭客日,
05:09
this past June in Oakland, where I live,
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今年 6 月在奧克蘭,也就是我住的地方,
05:12
the Code For America team in Oakland
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奧克蘭的「美國程式碼」團隊
05:14
took the open source code base of Honolulu Answers
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取用了「檀香山解答」的 開放源代碼,
05:16
and turned it into Oakland Answers,
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把它轉變成了「奧克蘭解答」,
05:18
and again we held a write-a-thon
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我們也舉辦了「編寫馬拉松」,
05:20
where we took the most frequently asked questions
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找出了最常被問到的問題,
05:24
and had citizens write the answers to them,
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請市民向他們自己寫答案,
05:25
and I got into the act.
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而我把它納入了法案 。
05:27
I authored this answer, and a few others.
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我創作這個和其他幾個 「解答」,
05:30
And I'm trying to this day to articulate
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我試圖讓這一天傳遞出
05:33
the sense of empowerment and responsibility
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我生活的地方所賦予的
05:36
that I feel for the place that I live
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權力和責任,
05:40
based simply on this small act of participation.
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這些都建構在 這種小型活動的參與度上。
05:44
And by stitching together my small act
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把這些有成千上萬的參與者的
05:48
with the thousands of other small acts of participation
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小型活動聚合在一起,
05:51
that we're enabling through civic hacking,
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我們通過公民駭客的方式,
05:53
we think we can reenergize citizenship
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我們認為我們可以再次喚起公民的身份
05:56
and restore trust in government.
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和恢復對政府的信任。
05:59
At this point, you may be wondering
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此時,你可能會想
06:00
what city officials think of all this.
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市府官員對這個是怎麼想的。
06:02
They actually love it.
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事實上他們很喜歡。
06:04
As most of you guys know, cities are being asked
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你們都知道,市府每天一直被要求
06:06
every day to do more with less,
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用更少的資源做更多的事,
06:09
and they're always looking for innovative solutions
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他們一直在尋找創新的解決方案
06:11
to entrenched problems.
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來對付根深蒂固的問題。
06:12
So when you give citizens a way to participate
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所以,當你給公民一個
06:16
beyond attending a town hall meeting,
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除了去市政會議之外的參與方式,
06:18
cities can actually capture
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城市實際上可以
06:20
the capacity in their communities
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從社區中獲得他們的能力,
06:23
to do the business of government.
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來做政府的事情。
06:26
Now I don't want to leave the impression
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現在我不想留下
06:28
that civic hacking is just an American phenomenon.
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公民駭客只發生在美國的印象。
06:30
It's happening across the globe,
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這些正在全球發生。
06:31
and one of my favorite examples
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我最喜歡的一個例子
06:33
is from Mexico City, where earlier this year,
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是在今年早些時候,在墨西哥城,
06:35
the Mexico House of Representatives
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墨西哥的眾議院
06:38
entered into a contract with a software development firm
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與一個軟體公司簽訂合約,
06:42
to build an app that legislators would use
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來建立一個讓議員追蹤草案
06:45
to track bills.
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的應用程式。
06:46
So this was just for the handful of legislators
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這只是給在議院裡面
06:49
in the House.
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少數幾個議員使用的。
06:52
And the contract was a two-year contract
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這合約為期兩年,
06:54
for 9.3 million dollars.
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總共要 930 萬美金。
06:58
Now a lot of people were really angry about this,
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現在很多人都對這一點感到很生氣,
07:01
especially geeks who knew that 9.3 million dollars
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特別是那些電腦玩家們, 他們知道 930 萬美金
07:03
was an absolutely outrageous amount of money
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對於一個非常簡單的應用程式而言,
07:06
for what was a very simple app.
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是絕對令人憤慨的金額。
07:08
But instead of taking to the streets,
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但他們沒有走上街頭抗議,
07:10
they issued a challenge.
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而是發出了挑戰狀。
07:12
They asked programmers in Mexico
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他們要求在墨西哥的程式設計師
07:15
to build something better and cheaper,
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設計出更好和更便宜的應用程式,
07:18
and they offered a prize of 9,300 dollars --
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他們提供 9,300 美元的獎金。
07:23
10,000 times cheaper
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這比政府的合約 (「除了憤怒地發推特, 我們可以一起在週六晚上, 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」)
07:25
than the government contract,
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便宜一萬倍, (「除了憤怒地發推特, 我們可以一起在週六晚上, 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」)
07:26
and they gave the entrants 10 days.
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他們給予參賽者 10 天。 (「除了憤怒地發推特,我們可以一起在週六晚上, 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」)
07:30
And in those 10 days,
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在這十天裡, (「除了憤怒地發推特, 我們可以一起在週六晚上, 喝著龍舌蘭酒建立這個世界。」)
07:31
they submitted 173 apps,
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他們提交了 173 份的應用程式,
07:35
five of which were presented to Congress
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其中五個被提交到國會,
07:38
and are still in the app store today.
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而且現在仍在 app store 找得到。
07:40
And because of this action,
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因為這一行動,
07:42
that contract was vacated,
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該合約被替換掉了,
07:44
and now this has sparked a movement in Mexico City
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現在這在墨西哥城引發了一場運動,
07:46
which is home to one of our partners,
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成為了我們夥伴之一:
07:48
Code for Mexico City.
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「墨西哥城程式碼」。
07:50
And so what you see in all three of these places,
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所以你在這三個地方所看到的,
07:53
in Honolulu and in Oakland and in Mexico City,
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在檀香山、奧克蘭和墨西哥城,
07:56
are the elements that are at the core of civic hacking.
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都是公民駭客的核心要素。
07:59
It's citizens who saw things that could be working better
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公民看到一些事情本可以做的更好,
08:02
and they decided to fix them,
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他們就決定要起身行動,
08:04
and through that work, they're creating
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並通過這項工作,他們正在創建
08:06
a 21st-century ecosystem of participation.
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21 世紀公民參與的生態系統。
08:09
They're creating a whole new set of ways
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他們要創建一套全新的方法,
08:11
for citizens to be involved,
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除了投票、簽署請願書或抗議以外,
08:13
besides voting or signing a petition or protesting.
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讓公民能參與其中。
08:17
They can actually build government.
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實際上,他們可以建立一個政府。
08:21
So back to our friend Ben Franklin,
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所以說回我們的朋友班傑明·富蘭克林,
08:24
who, one of his lesser-known accomplishments
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他鮮為人知的一個成就
08:27
was that in 1736 he founded
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是在 1736 年創立了
08:31
the first volunteer firefighting company in Philadelphia,
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在費城的第一間志願消防公司。
08:34
called a brigade.
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被稱作一個 「旅團」。
08:36
And it's because he and his friends noticed
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這是因為他和他的朋友們注意到
08:38
that the city was having trouble keeping up
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在處理城市裡不斷發生的火災時,
08:40
with all the fires that were happening in the city,
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市府遇到了麻煩。
08:42
so in true civic hacker fashion,
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所以在真正跟上潮流的公民駭客中,
08:45
they built a solution.
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他們立了一個解決方案。
08:47
And we have our own brigades at Code for America
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我們在「美國程式碼」中有自己的旅團,
08:50
working on the projects that I've just described,
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來處理我剛才所描述的工作,
08:53
and we want to ask you
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我們想要邀請你們
08:55
to follow in Ben Franklin's footsteps
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一起跟隨班傑明·富蘭克林的腳步,
08:57
and come join us.
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並加入我們。
08:59
We have 31 brigades in the U.S.
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我們在美國有 31 個旅團。
09:01
We are pleased to announce today
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我們今天很高興地宣佈,
09:02
that we're opening up the brigade to international cities
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我們頭一次要向國際的城市
09:05
for the first time,
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開放旅團,
09:06
starting with cities in Poland and Japan and Ireland.
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從波蘭、日本和愛爾蘭的城市開始。
09:10
You can find out if there's a brigade where you live
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你可以透過 brigade.codeforamerica.org
09:12
at brigade.codeforamerica.org,
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找到你居住的城市是否有旅團,
09:15
and if there's not a brigade where you live, we will help you.
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如果你住的城市沒有旅團, 我們會幫你成立一個。
09:17
We've created a tool kit which also lives
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我們已經在 brigade.codeforamerica.org
09:19
at brigade.codeforamerica.org,
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建造了一個工具組,
09:21
and we will support you along the way.
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我們會一路上支援你。
09:23
Our goal is to create a global network of civic hackers
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我們的目標是創建 一個全球公民駭客的聯絡網。
09:27
who are innovating on the existing system
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大家在現有的系統上創新,
09:30
in order to build tools that will solve
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做出能解決
09:33
entrenched problems,
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根深蒂固問題的工具,
09:35
that will support local government,
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這能夠支援地方政府,
09:37
and that will empower citizens.
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同時提高公民的力量。
09:38
So please come hack with us.
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所以請來和我們一起駭客吧。
09:41
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:42
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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