Two Nameless Bodies Washed Up on the Beach. Here Are Their Stories | Anders Fjellberg | TED Talks

譯者: Gentian Pan 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

So this right here

這個地方

is the tiny village of Elle, close to Lista.

是個小村落，名為：耶拉。 離利斯塔不遠。

It's right at the southernmost tip of Norway.

位於挪威的最南端。

And on January 2 this year,

在今年 1 月 2 日，

an elderly guy who lives in the village,

一位住在村裡的老人，

he went out to see what was cast ashore

到海岸查看有無什麼東西 在最近的暴風中沖上岸。

during a recent storm.

And on a patch of grass right next to the water's edge,

在海邊的小草地上，

he found a wetsuit.

發現了一套潛水裝。

It was grey and black, and he thought it looked cheap.

灰黑的潛水裝，覺得看起來廉價。

Out of each leg of the wetsuit

但在兩條褲腿處，

there were sticking two white bones.

有兩條白骨，

It was clearly the remains of a human being.

顯然是人類的遺體。

And usually, in Norway, dead people are identified quickly.

在挪威，死者遺體通常 很快能辨識身分，

So the police started searching

於是警方開始搜尋

through missing reports from the local area,

地方的失蹤人口、

全國的失蹤人口、

national missing reports,

and looked for accidents with a possible connection.

以及可能關聯的意外事件。

They found nothing.

可是什麼也沒找到。

So they ran a DNA profile,

於是就進行 DNA 檢測，

and they started searching internationally through Interpol.

並與國際刑警組織搜尋資料。

Nothing.

也沒有結果。

This was a person that nobody seemed to be missing.

這個人似乎不是失蹤人口。

It was an invisible life heading for a nameless grave.

是個無形的生命 走向無名的墳墓。

然而，一個月後，

But then, after a month,

the police in Norway got a message from the police in the Netherlands.

挪威警方收到荷蘭警方的訊息。

兩個月前，他們發現一具遺體

A couple of months earlier, they had found a body,

in an identical wetsuit, and they had no idea who this person was.

在相同的潛水衣內， 他們也不知道死者是誰。

But the police in the Netherlands managed to trace the wetsuit

荷蘭警方透過潛水衣上的 RFID 晶片，追蹤來源。

by an RFID chip that was sewn in the suit.

So they were then able to tell

他們發現

that both wetsuits were bought by the same customer at the same time,

這兩套潛水衣為： 同一人、同時間購買，

October 7, 2014,

那天是 2004 年 10 月 7 日，

in the French city of Calais by the English Channel.

在英吉利海峽附近的法國加萊市。

But this was all they were able to figure out.

他們僅能查到這些。

The customer paid cash.

購買者以現金支付。

There was no surveillance footage from the shop.

商店沒有監視器的影像。

So it became a cold case.

就此成了懸案。

We heard this story,

我們聽到這個故事，

and it triggered me and my colleague, photographer Tomm Christiansen,

引發了我和同事攝影師 湯姆‧克里斯琴森的興趣。

顯然的疑問是：這兩個人是誰？

and we of course had the obvious question: who were these people?

At the time, I'd barely heard about Calais,

那時，我對加萊市沒什麼印象，

but it took about two or three seconds to figure out

我很快地想一下，

Calais is basically known for two things.

加萊市有兩個著名的特色：

It's the spot in continental Europe closest to Britain,

是歐洲最接近英國的地點，

and a lot of migrants and refugees are staying in this camp

許多移民或難民住在難民營

and are trying desperately to cross over to Britain.

且希望能夠橫跨越英國。

And right there was a plausible theory about the identity of the two people,

在那裡，有一個關於 辨識這兩人身分的理論，

and the police made this theory as well.

警方也有一樣的理論。

Because if you or I or anybody else with a firm connection to Europe

因為任何與歐洲有淵源的人

goes missing off the coast of France, people would just know.

在法國海岸附近失蹤了，有人會知道。

Your friends or family would report you missing,

你的親友會去提報失蹤，

警察會調查，媒體會報導，

the police would come search for you, the media would know,

你的照片會貼在燈柱上。

and there would be pictures of you on lampposts.

很難失蹤卻無留下線索。

It's difficult to disappear without a trace.

But if you just fled the war in Syria,

但如果你是敘利亞的難民，

and your family, if you have any family left,

如果你還有家人在身邊，

don't necessarily know where you are,

家人不見得知道你在哪。

and you're staying here illegally

若是你是非法入境者，

amongst thousands of others who come and go every day.

住在每天有上萬人來往的地方。

Well, if you disappear one day, nobody will notice.

如果你失蹤了，沒人會注意。

The police won't come search for you because nobody knows you're gone.

警察不會調查， 因為沒人知道你失蹤。

And this is what happened to Shadi Omar Kataf

這發生在來自敘利亞的薩帝

and Mouaz Al Balkhi from Syria.

和摩艾茲身上。

Me and Tomm went to Calais for the first time in April this year,

我和湯姆在今年 4 月 第一次到加萊市。

and after three months of investigation, we were able to tell the story

三個月的調查後，我們可以 講這兩個年輕男子故事。

about how these two young men fled the war in Syria,

他們逃離了敘利亞的戰亂，

ended up stuck in Calais,

困在加萊市，

bought wetsuits and drowned in what seems to have been an attempt

買了潛水裝，似乎在企圖

橫渡英吉利海峽到英國的途中溺死。

to swim across the English Channel in order to reach England.

It is a story about the fact that everybody has a name,

這個故事是要告訴大家 每個人都有一個名字，

everybody has a story, everybody is someone.

每個人都有故事、 都是某個重要的人。

But it is also a story about what it's like to be a refugee in Europe today.

但是，這故事也是有關 歐洲難民的現況。

So this is where we started our search.

我們從這兒開始搜尋。

This is in Calais.

這是加萊市。

Right now, between 3,500 and 5,000 people are living here

目前約住了 3500 到 5000 人，

under horrible conditions.

居住的環境非常糟糕。

It has been dubbed the worst refugee camp in Europe.

是公認歐洲最差的難民營。

Limited access to food, limited access to water,

食物和水都很缺乏，

limited access to health care.

有限的醫療資源。

Disease and infections are widespread.

疾病和感染很普遍。

And they're all stuck here because they're trying to get to England

困在這裡，只為了企圖前往英國

申請政治庇護。

in order to claim asylum.

And they do that by hiding in the back of trucks headed for the ferry,

他們躲在卡車後車斗， 前往渡口或歐洲隧道。

or the Eurotunnel,

or they sneak inside the tunnel terminal at night

或者深夜潛入隧道火車站內

to try to hide on the trains.

然後藏身火車裡。

Most want to go to Britain because they know the language,

大部分人去英國是因為會說英語，

and so they figure it would be easier to restart their lives from there.

所以覺得在那裡重新生活會更容易。

They want to work, they want to study,

他們希望工作，他們希望學習，

they want to be able to continue their lives.

他們希望能夠繼續生活。

有許多是高學歷的人和技術工人。

A lot of these people are highly educated and skilled workers.

If you go to Calais and talk to refugees, you'll meet lawyers, politicians,

如果你去加萊市和難民聊， 你會見到律師、政治家、

engineers, graphic designers, farmers, soldiers.

工程師、平面設計師、農人、軍人。

You've got the whole spectrum.

各行各業都有。

But who all of these people are

但這些人是誰的問題

usually gets lost in the way we talk about refugees and migrants,

通常在我們討論難民 和移民時，會被忽略掉，

because we usually do that in statistics.

因為我們只看統計數字。

So you have 60 million refugees globally.

全球有 6000 萬難民。

About half a million have made the crossing

今年約 50 萬難民橫越 地中海來到歐洲，

over the Mediterranean into Europe so far this year,

約 4000 人留在加萊市。

and roughly 4,000 are staying in Calais.

But these are numbers,

這些只是數字，

and the numbers don't say anything about who these people are,

數字並不能顯示這些人是誰、

where they came from, or why they're here.

從哪裡來，或為何留在這裡。

And first, I want to tell you about one of them.

首先，我想談談其中一位。

This is 22-year-old Mouaz Al Balkhi from Syria.

這是來自敘利亞，22 歲的摩艾茲。

We first heard about him after being in Calais the first time

我們第一次來到加萊市

looking for answers to the theory of the two dead bodies.

尋找此二具屍體的答案時， 聽到他的傳聞。

And after a while, we heard this story

過不久，我們聽到一位敘利亞男子 住在英國布拉福鎮的故事，

about a Syrian man who was living in Bradford in England,

and had been desperately searching for his nephew Mouaz for months.

數月來，他拼命在尋找侄子摩艾茲。

And it turned out the last time anybody had heard anything from Mouaz

結果，2014 年 10 月 7 日後 摩艾茲就失去下落。

was October 7, 2014.

That was the same date the wetsuits were bought.

就是摩艾茲購買潛水衣的那一天。

So we flew over there and we met the uncle

我們飛到那裡去見他叔叔，

and we did DNA samples of him,

我們拿到 DNA 樣本，

and later on got additional DNA samples from Mouaz's closest relative

後來，我們也拿到住在約旦， 摩艾茲近親的DNA樣本。

who now lives in Jordan.

The analysis concluded

分析結論是：

the body who was found in a wetsuit on a beach in the Netherlands

荷蘭海灘發現的潛水衣內屍體，

was actually Mouaz Al Balkhi.

就是摩艾茲。

And while we were doing all this investigation,

當我們調查時，

we got to know Mouaz's story.

得知摩艾茲的故事。

He was born in the Syrian capital of Damascus in 1991.

1991 年， 他出生於 敘利亞首都大馬士革。

He was raised in a middle class family,

成長於中產階級家庭，

and his father in the middle there is a chemical engineer

相片中間是他的父親， 是化學工程師。

who spent 11 years in prison for belonging to the political opposition in Syria.

因為屬於敘利亞政治反對派 而被監禁了 11 年。

While his father was in prison,

在父親被監禁期間，

Mouaz took responsibility and he cared for his three sisters.

摩艾茲扛起照顧三姐妹的重擔。

They said he was that kind of guy.

據說他就是那種負責的人。

Mouaz studied to become an electrical engineer

摩艾茲就讀電機工程系，

at the University of Damascus.

就學於大馬士革大學。

So a couple of years into the Syrian war,

敘利亞陷入內戰數年，

the family fled Damascus and went to the neighboring country, Jordan.

全家逃離大馬士革，前往鄰國約旦。

Their father had problems finding work in Jordan,

父親在約旦找不到工作，

and Mouaz could not continue his studies,

所以，摩艾茲無法完成學業，

so he figured, "OK, the best thing I can do to help my family

他想：「好，能幫助家裡的最佳選擇是

would be to go somewhere where I can finish my studies

去一個可以同時完成學業 和工作的地方。」

and find work."

So he goes to Turkey.

所以他去土耳其。

In Turkey, he's not accepted at a university,

在土耳其，他沒取得入學許可，

and once he had left Jordan as a refugee, he was not allowed to reenter.

一旦以難民身分離開約旦， 他就無法再回去。

So then he decides to head for the UK,

所以，他決定去英國，

where his uncle lives.

找他的叔叔。

He makes it into Algeria, walks into Libya,

他進入阿爾及利亞，走到利比亞，

pays a people smuggler to help him with the crossing into Italy by boat,

花錢請人口販子協助搭船到義大利，

and from there on he heads to Dunkirk,

再繼續來到法國敦克爾克，

the city right next to Calais by the English Channel.

旁邊就是臨英吉利海峽的加萊市。

We know he made at least 12 failed attempts to cross the English Channel

我們知道他至少 12 次 躲進卡車，嘗試橫渡英吉利海峽。

by hiding in a truck.

But at some point, he must have given up all hope.

某個時候，他一定是放棄了所有希望。

The last night we know he was alive,

他活著的最後一夜，

he spent at a cheap hotel close to the train station in Dunkirk.

住進敦克爾克火車站附近的廉價旅館。

We found his name in the records, and he seems to have stayed there alone.

住房紀錄裡找到他的名字， 他似乎是獨自一人。

The day after, he went into Calais, entered a sports shop

隔日，他到加萊市，逛進運動用品店，

a couple of minutes before 8 o'clock in the evening,

晚上八點前幾分鐘，

along with Shadi Kataf.

與薩帝在一起。

They both bought wetsuits,

他們都買了潛水衣。

and the woman in the shop

店裡的女士

was the last person we know of to have seen them alive.

是最後看到他們活著的人。

We have tried to figure out where Shadi met Mouaz,

我們想知道薩帝在哪裡遇到摩艾茲，

but we weren't able to do that.

但是徒勞無功。

But they do have a similar story.

但他們有類似的故事。

We first heard about Shadi after a cousin of his, living in Germany,

我們透過薩帝住在德國的表親 得知他的故事。

had read an Arabic translation of the story made of Mouaz on Facebook.

他的表親在臉書上讀到有關 摩艾茲的阿拉伯語翻譯文章，

So we got in touch with him.

所以我們與這位表親聯繫上了。

Shadi, a couple of years older than Mouaz,

薩帝比摩艾茲大幾歲，

was also raised in Damascus.

也是在大馬士革長大。

He was a working kind of guy.

他是藍領階級的人。

He ran a tire repair shop and later worked in a printing company.

先是開了一間輪胎修理店， 後來任職一家印刷公司。

He lived with his extended family,

他出身大家庭，

but their house got bombed early in the war.

但是房子在內戰早期就被炸毀。

So the family fled to an area of Damascus known as Camp Yarmouk.

所以舉家逃到大馬士革的 耶爾穆克難民營。

Yarmouk is being described as the worst place to live

耶爾穆克難民營公認為 地球上居住環境最差的地方，

on planet Earth.

They've been bombed by the military, they've been besieged,

曾被軍隊轟炸，也曾被包圍，

they've been stormed by ISIS

也曾被 ISIS 襲擊。

and they've been cut off from supplies for years.

他們的補給已被切斷多年。

There was a UN official who visited last year,

去年，一位聯合國的代表來訪，

and he said, "They ate all the grass so there was no grass left."

他說：「他們把草全吃光，所以草都沒了。」

Out of a population of 150,000,

15 萬人口中，

only 18,000 are believed to still be left in Yarmouk.

只有 1 萬 8 千人還留在 耶爾穆克難民營。

Shadi and his sisters got out.

薩帝和他的姐妹們逃出來。

The parents are still stuck inside.

他們的父母還困在裡面。

So Shadi and one of his sisters, they fled to Libya.

薩帝和一位姐妹逃到利比亞。

This was after the fall of Gaddafi,

那是在格達費倒台後，

but before Libya turned into full-blown civil war.

利比亞開始全面內戰前。

And in this last remaining sort of stability in Libya,

在最後利比亞還算穩定時，

Shadi took up scuba diving, and he seemed to spend most of his time underwater.

薩帝學習潛水， 且大部分的時間都在水裡。

He fell completely in love with the ocean,

他完全愛上了大海，

so when he finally decided that he could no longer be in Libya,

所以在 2014 年八月下旬， 當他決定離開利比亞時，

late August 2014,

he hoped to find work as a diver when he reached Italy.

他希望到義大利後， 能找到潛水夫的工作。

Reality was not that easy.

事與願違。

We don't know much about his travels

我們對他的旅程所知不多，

because he had a hard time communicating with his family,

因為與家人聯繫困難。

但是我們知道他很掙扎。

but we do know that he struggled.

And by the end of September,

在九月下旬，

he was living on the streets somewhere in France.

他流浪在法國街頭。

On October 7, he calls his cousin in Belgium,

在 10 月 7 日， 他打電話給比利時的表親，

and explains his situation.

告訴他狀況。

He said, "I'm in Calais. I need you to come get my backpack and my laptop.

他說：「我在加萊市， 你來拿我的背包和筆電。

I can't afford to pay the people smugglers to help me with the crossing to Britain,

我付不起人口販子 來幫我偷渡英國，

但我會買一套潛水衣游過去。」

but I will go buy a wetsuit and I will swim."

His cousin, of course, tried to warn him not to,

當然，他的表親嘗試勸阻他，

but Shadi's battery on the phone went flat,

但薩帝的手機電池沒電了，

and his phone was never switched on again.

從此手機就沒再打開。

What was left of Shadi was found nearly three months later,

薩帝的屍體大約三個月後被發現，

800 kilometers away

800 公里外，

in a wetsuit on a beach in Norway.

在潛水衣內，在挪威的海灘。

He's still waiting for his funeral in Norway,

他仍然在挪威等待他的葬禮，

and none of his family will be able to attend.

但是沒有一個家人能夠參加。

Many may think that the story about Shadi and Mouaz

許多人可能認為薩帝和摩艾茲的故事

is a story about death,

是有關死亡的故事，

but I don't agree.

我不同意。

To me, this is a story about two questions that I think we all share:

對我而言，這是一個 有關我們共同面對的議題：

what is a better life,

什麼是更好的生活？

and what am I willing to do to achieve it?

以及我願意付出什麼代價去實現它？

And to me, and probably a lot of you,

對我，以及大多數人而言，

a better life would mean

更好的生活意味著

being able to do more of what we think of as meaningful,

能夠做更多我們認為有意義的事，

whether that be spending more time with your family and friends,

無論是多與親朋好友在一起、

travel to an exotic place,

前往異國旅遊、

or just getting money to buy that cool new device

有錢買新酷玩意，

or a pair of new sneakers.

或者一雙新運動鞋。

And this is all within our reach pretty easily.

這些都是我們能力所及。

But if you are fleeing a war zone,

但是如果你正逃離戰區，

the answers to those two questions are dramatically different.

這兩個問題的回答就顯然不同。

A better life is a life in safety.

更好的生活是「安全」的生活，

It's a life in dignity.

是「尊嚴」的生活，

A better life means not having your house bombed,

更好的生活意味著 房子不會被轟炸、

not fearing being kidnapped.

不用害怕綁架。

It means being able to send your children to school,

意味著可以讓孩子上學、

go to university,

上大學，

or just find work to be able to provide for yourself and the ones you love.

或者只是找到工作 以養活自己和所愛的人。

A better life would be a future of some possibilities

更好的生活是「有一些可能」的未來，

compared to nearly none,

而非「全都不可能」的未來，

and that's a strong motivation.

是一個強烈的動機。

And I have no trouble imagining

我可以想像，

that after spending weeks or even months

在數週甚至數月期間，

as a second-grade citizen,

被當成二等公民，

living on the streets or in a horrible makeshift camp

流落街頭，或住在恐怖的臨時營地，

with a stupid, racist name like "The Jungle,"

住在被冠上愚蠢和種族歧視名字的 「叢林」難民營時，

most of us would be willing to do just about anything.

大多數人都會竭盡所能 去做任何事改變現況。

If I could ask Shadi and Mouaz

如果我可以問薩帝和摩艾茲，

the second they stepped into the freezing waters of the English Channel,

在他們踏入英吉利海峽的 冰冷海水那一剎那，

they would probably say, "This is worth the risk,"

他們可能會回答：「這值得我冒險，」

because they could no longer see any other option.

因為他們無法看到任何其它選擇。

And that's desperation,

那是絕望，

but that's the reality of living as a refugee in Western Europe in 2015.

而這是 2015 年生活在 西歐的難民真實情況。

Thank you.

謝謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Anders.

布魯諾·朱薩尼：謝謝你，安德斯。

This is Tomm Christiansen,

這是湯姆‧克里斯琴森，

who took most of the pictures you have seen and they've done reporting together.

他拍了大部分相片，一起做這個報導。

Tomm, you two have been back to Calais recently.

湯姆，你們兩位最近回到加萊市。

This was the third trip.

這是第三次，

It was after the publication of the article.

在發表這個文章之後去的。

What has changed? What have you seen there?

那裡有改變嗎？你們看到什麼？

Tomm Christiansen: The first time we were in Calais,

湯姆：我們第一次去開加萊市時，

it was about 1,500 refugees there.

那裡有大約 1500 位難民。

They had a difficult time, but they were positive, they had hope.

他們生活很困難， 但很樂觀，懷抱希望。

The last time, the camp has grown, maybe four or five thousand people.

最後一次去時，營內人數大增， 也許有四、五千人。

It seemed more permanent, NGOs have arrived,

似乎變成永久性，民間組織到了那裡，

a small school has opened.

也開了一所學校。

But the thing is that the refugees have stayed for a longer time,

但是難民在那裡已經住得很久，

and the French government has managed to seal off the borders better,

法國政府也設法將邊境守得更緊，

so now The Jungle is growing,

所以「叢林」難民營仍然擴大中，

along with the despair and hopelessness among the refugees.

難民中的絕望亦然。

BG: Are you planning to go back? And continue the reporting?

BG：你們計劃再回去那裡嗎？ 會繼續報導嗎？

TC: Yes.

TC：會。

BG: Anders, I'm a former journalist,

BG：安德斯，我以前也是記者，

and to me, it's amazing that in the current climate

對我而言，我很驚訝， 在當前的削減預算氛圍

of slashing budgets and publishers in crisis,

和出版商的危機中，

Dagbladet has consented so many resources for this story,

挪威日報同意為這個故事提供資源，

which tells a lot about newspapers taking the responsibility,

這顯示了報紙承擔的責任，

but how did you sell it to your editors?

你們如何說服主編的？

安德斯： 一開始時不太容易，

Anders Fjellberg: It wasn't easy at first,

因為我們無法預測可以發現多少。

because we weren't able to know what we actually could figure out.

As soon as it became clear

事情明朗後，

that we actually could be able to identify who the first one was,

我們馬上知道第一位是誰，

we basically got the message that we could do whatever we wanted,

基本上我們就取得同意， 可以繼續調查，

just travel wherever you need to go, do whatever you need to do,

到任何該去的地方， 做任何該做的事，

just get this done.

只要把事情做好。

BG: That's an editor taking responsibility.

BG： 那就是勇於負責的編輯。

The story, by the way, has been translated and published

這個故事，順便說一下， 已經被翻譯成多國語言，

across several European countries, and certainly will continue to do.

橫跨幾個歐洲國家出版了， 而且會繼續如此。

And we want to read the updates from you. Thank you Anders. Thank you Tomm.

我們希望能知道後續情況。 謝謝你，安德斯。謝謝你，湯姆。

(Applause)

（掌聲）