Latif Nasser: The amazing story of the man who gave us modern pain relief
103,236 views ・ 2015-07-01
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譯者: Mingxu Chen
審譯者: Anny Chung
00:12
A few years ago,
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幾年前
00:14
my mom developed rheumatoid arthritis.
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我母親患了類風濕關節炎
00:18
Her wrists, knees and toes swelled up,
causing crippling, chronic pain.
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她的手腕,膝蓋根腳趾都腫起來
導致難以忍受的慢性疼痛
00:26
She had to file for disability.
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她甚至需要登記殘障手冊
00:28
She stopped attending our local mosque.
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無法再去清真寺
00:31
Some mornings it was too painful
for her to brush her teeth.
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有些時候連早上刷牙都痛得辦不到
00:36
I wanted to help.
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我想要幫她
00:38
But I didn't know how.
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但我不知道該怎麼做
00:40
I'm not a doctor.
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我不是醫生
00:43
So, what I am is a historian of medicine.
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我只是一個醫藥歷史學家
00:47
So I started to research
the history of chronic pain.
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所以我開始研究慢性疼痛的歷史
00:51
Turns out, UCLA has an entire
history of pain collection
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結果 在UCLA有完整的
00:56
in their archives.
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疼痛歷史檔案
00:58
And I found a story --
a fantastic story --
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我找到一個很棒的故事
01:02
of a man who saved -- rescued --
millions of people from pain;
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有一個人拯救了無數個
像我母親這樣身患病痛的人
01:07
people like my mom.
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讓他們免於疼痛
01:10
Yet, I had never heard of him.
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但我從沒聽說過他
01:12
There were no biographies
of him, no Hollywood movies.
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沒有他的自傳,也沒有拍成電影
01:16
His name was John J. Bonica.
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他叫做約翰 J.博尼卡
01:21
But when our story begins,
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但在這個故事的起頭
01:22
he was better known as
Johnny "Bull" Walker.
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大家都稱他做強尼 “鬥牛” 沃克
01:28
It was a summer day in 1941.
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那是1941年夏季的一天
01:31
The circus had just arrived
in the tiny town of Brookfield, New York.
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馬戲團剛剛抵達一個叫
布魯克菲爾德的紐約小鎮
01:37
Spectators flocked to see
the wire-walkers, the tramp clowns --
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大家蜂擁而來去看鋼絲行走者,小丑們
01:41
if they were lucky, the human cannonball.
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幸運一點還能看得到人體大炮
01:44
They also came to see the strongman,
Johnny "Bull" Walker,
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他們也來看壯漢 “鬥牛” 沃克
01:48
a brawny bully who'd pin you for a dollar.
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只要一美元,他可包準把觀眾壓倒在地
01:52
You know, on that particular day,
a voice rang out
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在那天,從馬戲團擴音器裡
01:55
over the circus P.A. system.
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傳出廣播
01:57
They needed a doctor urgently,
in the live animal tent.
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他們急需一個醫生到動物區幫忙
02:01
Something had gone wrong
with the lion tamer.
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訓獸師出事了
02:03
The climax of his act had gone wrong,
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他在表演的高潮時出了差錯
02:06
and his head was stuck
inside the lion's mouth.
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腦袋卡在了獅子的嘴裡
02:11
He was running out of air;
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幾乎無法呼吸
02:13
the crowd watched in horror
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觀眾陷入恐懼
02:15
as he struggled and then passed out.
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馴獸師奮力掙扎接著昏了過去
02:18
When the lion finally did relax its jaws,
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當獅子最終鬆開了下顎
02:22
the lion tamer just slumped
to the ground, motionless.
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馴獸師躺在地上 一動也不動
02:27
When he came to a few minutes later,
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當他在幾分鐘後甦醒過來
02:30
he saw a familiar figure hunched over him.
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發現在他面前蹲著的是一個熟悉的身影
02:33
It was Bull Walker.
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那就是鬥牛沃克
02:35
The strongman had given the lion tamer
mouth-to-mouth, and saved his life.
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這個壯漢做了人工呼吸 挽救了他的生命
02:42
Now, the strongman hadn't told anyone,
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沃克沒有告訴任何人
02:44
but he was actually
a third-year medical student.
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自己實際上是一個三年級的醫學生
02:48
He toured with the circus
during summers to pay tuition,
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他參加馬戲表演是為了攢點學費
02:52
but kept it a secret
to protect his persona.
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但是他把這件事當做一個秘密
來保存他的身份
02:55
He was supposed to be
a brute, a villain --
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他在馬戲團應扮演一個大塊頭的莽夫
02:59
not a nerdy do-gooder.
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而不是一個有學者風範的好人
03:02
His medical colleagues didn't
know his secret, either.
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他的同學也不知道他的秘密
03:05
As he put it, "If you were
an athlete, you were a dumb dodo."
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在同儕間大家認為
運動員都是蠢笨不可救藥的那種
03:09
So he didn't tell them about the circus,
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因此他沒有告訴同學馬戲團的事
03:12
or about how he wrestled professionally
on evenings and weekends.
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也沒告訴他們自己在晚上和週末
參加職業摔跤比賽
03:18
He used a pseudonym like Bull Walker,
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他使用像Bull Walker 或者是
03:20
or later, the Masked Marvel.
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Masked Marvel 的藝名
03:23
He even kept it a secret that same year,
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甚至當他贏得了輕量組的
03:27
when he was crowned
the Light Heavyweight Champion
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世界冠軍時
他依然沒有將秘密透漏出去
03:30
of the world.
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03:33
Over the years, John J. Bonica
lived these parallel lives.
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那些年來
博尼卡同時過著兩條不同的生活
03:38
He was a wrestler;
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一名摔跤手
03:40
he was a doctor.
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一位醫生
03:41
He was a heel;
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一名混蛋
03:43
he was a hero.
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一位英雄
03:45
He inflicted pain,
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他造就痛苦
03:46
and he treated it.
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他施予治療
03:49
And he didn’t know it at the time,
but over the next five decades,
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在那時他並不知道
但在接下來的50年
03:52
he'd draw on these dueling identities
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他將會利用這兩個相對決的生命經驗
03:55
to forge a whole new way
to think about pain.
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去探索關於疼痛的新思路
03:59
It'd change modern medicine
so much so, that decades later,
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這將改造現代醫學,以至於幾十年後
04:03
Time magazine would call him
pain relief's founding father.
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時代周刊將稱他為疼痛研究之父
04:09
But that all happened later.
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當然 那都是之後發生的事情了
04:12
In 1942, Bonica graduated
medical school and married Emma,
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1942年,博尼卡畢業並和他的甜心
04:17
his sweetheart, whom he had met
at one of his matches years before.
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在一次比賽中結識的艾瑪 結了婚
04:22
He still wrestled in secret -- he had to.
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他依然不得不繼續秘密地摔跤
04:25
His internship at New York's
St. Vincent's Hospital paid nothing.
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因為在紐約聖文森特醫院實習並無薪水
04:31
With his championship belt,
he wrestled in big-ticket venues,
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靠著他的冠軍腰帶
04:34
like Madison Square Garden,
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他在麥迪遜花園廣場等的大場地
04:36
against big-time opponents,
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與著名對手較勁
04:38
like Everett "The Blonde Bear" Marshall,
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例如 “金色大熊” 馬歇爾
04:41
or three-time world champion,
Angelo Savoldi.
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或者是三屆世錦賽冠軍 賽沃爾迪
04:46
The matches took a toll on his body;
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這些比賽損傷了他的身體
04:48
he tore hip joints, fractured ribs.
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磨損了他的肌腱
並導致了數根肋骨骨折
04:52
One night, The Terrible Turk's big toe
scratched a scar like Capone's
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一晚 “恐怖突厥”的腳趾在沃克的臉上劃了一道
像艾爾卡朋臉上的傷疤
04:57
down the side of his face.
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(卡朋 芝加哥黑幫老大 左頰上有三條傷疤)
04:59
The next morning at work,
he had to wear a surgical mask to hide it.
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隔天早晨上班時,他只好戴口罩掩飾傷口
05:04
Twice Bonica showed up to the O.R.
with one eye so bruised,
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有兩次,博尼卡上手術房跟刀時
眼睛瘀傷嚴重至他根本看不清
05:09
he couldn't see out of it.
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05:11
But worst of all were
his mangled cauliflower ears.
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不過最糟糕的是那雙被打開花的耳朵
05:16
He said they felt like two baseballs
on the sides of his head.
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感覺就像在大腦兩邊掛了個棒球
05:21
Pain just kept accumulating in his life.
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疼痛不斷在他的生活中積累
05:25
Next, he watched his wife go
into labor at his hospital.
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他看著他的妻子於他工作的醫院生產
05:29
She heaved and pushed, clearly in anguish.
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她努力推,很明顯十分痛苦
05:33
Her obstetrician called
out to the intern on duty
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產科醫生叫當值的實習生
05:36
to give her a few drops of ether
to ease her pain.
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去給她用些乙醚以減輕痛苦
05:39
But the intern was a young guy,
just three weeks on the job --
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但是實習生尚年輕,工作僅三星期
05:42
he was jittery, and in applying the ether,
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他非常緊張 用乙醚的時候
05:45
irritated Emma's throat.
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刺激了艾瑪的喉嚨
05:48
She vomited and choked,
and started to turn blue.
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她的嘔吐物阻擋呼吸道 臉色發紫
05:52
Bonica, who was watching all this,
pushed the intern out of the way,
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博尼卡看到了這一切 趕走了實習醫師
05:58
cleared her airway,
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清空艾瑪的呼吸道
05:59
and saved his wife
and his unborn daughter.
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挽救了他的妻子和還未出世的女兒
06:04
At that moment, he decided
to devote his life to anesthesiology.
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就在那一刻
他決定將於生投身於麻醉醫學
06:09
Later, he'd even go on to help develop
the epidural, for delivering mothers.
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後來 他甚至發明用於產婦的無痛分娩技術
06:14
But before he could focus on obstetrics,
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但是在他聚焦於婦產科之前
06:17
Bonica had to report for basic training.
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博尼卡得到部隊報到
06:22
Right around D-Day,
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大概在諾曼底登陸的時候
06:23
Bonica showed up
to Madigan Army Medical Center,
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博尼卡加入了接近 Tacoma
的馬迪根陸軍醫學中心
06:27
near Tacoma.
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06:28
At 7,700 beds, it was one of the largest
army hospitals in America.
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座擁 7700 床位
它是全美最大的陸軍醫院
06:34
Bonica was in charge
of all pain control there.
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博尼卡在那裡負責所有疼痛治療
06:37
He was only 27.
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他當時僅 27 歲
06:40
Treating so many patients,
Bonica started noticing cases
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在治療了很多病人之後
博尼卡開始注意到
06:43
that contradicted everything
he had learned.
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一些案例和他學到的知識完全不符
06:46
Pain was supposed to be
a kind of alarm bell -- in a good way --
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疼痛被視為身體的警報
06:51
a body's way of signaling an injury,
like a broken arm.
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是身體對於受傷 -- 如骨折 -- 的反應
06:56
But in some cases,
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但是在某些情況下
06:58
like after a patient had a leg amputated,
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比如照料一名腿部截肢的病人
07:01
that patient might still complain
of pain in that nonexistent leg.
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病人可能抱怨
在那條不存在的腿上仍感到疼痛
07:06
But if the injury had been treated, why
would the alarm bell keep ringing?
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但是如果說傷口被治療了
為什麼警報會持續個不停?
07:10
There were other cases in which there
was no evidence of an injury whatsoever,
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還有一些其他的病例
患者沒有任何創傷
07:15
and yet, still the patient hurt.
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卻依然感受到疼痛
07:18
Bonica tracked down all the specialists
at his hospital -- surgeons,
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博尼卡和醫院裡的所有專家
07:22
neurologists, psychiatrists, others.
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外科醫生 神經科醫師
精神病學者等等交流
07:25
And he tried to get
their opinions on his patients.
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聽聽他們對病人的看法
07:29
It took too long, so he started organizing
group meetings over lunch.
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這很費時,因此他是開始在午餐期間
組織小組會議
07:35
It would be like a tag team of specialists
going up against the patient's pain.
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以一個專家團隊去同病患的疼痛作抗爭
07:39
No one had ever focused on pain
this way before.
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從來沒有人如此專注於疼痛
07:44
After that, he hit the books.
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接下來,他沉迷書中
07:47
He read every medical textbook
he could get his hands on,
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他讀遍了所有能找到的醫學書
07:50
carefully noting every mention
of the word "pain."
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小心翼翼地標記任何關於疼痛的出處
07:54
Out of the 14,000 pages he read,
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在他讀遍的14000頁中
07:58
the word "pain" was
on 17 and a half of them.
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“疼痛”這個詞僅出現於17頁半
08:02
Seventeen and a half.
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只有17頁半啊
08:04
For the most basic, most common,
most frustrating part of being a patient.
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疼痛對病人們來說可是
最基礎、普遍、又無可奈何的事情
08:10
Bonica was shocked -- I'm quoting him,
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博尼卡被深深地震撼了,他說:
08:13
he said, "What the hell kind of conclusion
can you come to there?
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"見鬼 從這裡可得出什麼结論?
08:17
The most important thing
from the patient's perspective,
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病人角度來看最重要的事情
08:20
they don't talk about."
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他們卻避而不談。"
08:23
So over the next eight years,
Bonica would talk about it.
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所以在接下來的八年
博尼卡不斷的提起它
08:27
He'd write about it; he'd write
those missing pages.
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他不斷的記錄
他將會填補那些缺失的頁數
08:30
He wrote what would later be known
as the Bible of Pain.
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他寫了一部被後世稱為疼痛學的聖經
08:34
In it he proposed new strategies,
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在此書中提出了一個新的方法
08:38
new treatments using
nerve-block injections.
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神經阻滯注射法
08:41
He proposed a new institution,
the Pain Clinic,
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基於那些午間討論
他提出了一個全新的部門 疼痛診療部
08:44
based on those lunchtime meetings.
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08:47
But the most important thing
about his book
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但這本書最重要的貢獻是
08:49
was that it was kind of an emotional
alarm bell for medicine.
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它是對醫療界的一個當頭棒喝
08:54
A desperate plea to doctors
to take pain seriously
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讓醫生在病患的生活中
沒有絲毫藉口不去認真對待疼痛
09:00
in patients' lives.
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09:03
He recast the very purpose of medicine.
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他完完全改變了醫學的目標
09:07
The goal wasn't to make patients better;
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目標並不是讓病患“更好”
09:11
it was to make patients feel better.
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而是讓病患感覺更好
09:16
He pushed his pain agenda for decades,
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他不遺餘力的推行他的疼痛病學
09:19
before it finally took hold
in the mid-'70s.
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直到最終在七O 年代被人所接受
09:22
Hundreds of pain clinics sprung up
all over the world.
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疼痛科如雨後春筍般在全世界發展
09:27
But as they did -- a tragic twist.
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然而在這其中 悲劇發生了
09:31
Bonica's years of wrestling
caught up to him.
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博尼卡這麼多年的摔跤歷史傷了身體
09:36
He had been out of the ring
for over 20 years,
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儘管他已經遠離比賽二十多年了
09:38
but those 1,500 professional bouts
had left a mark on his body.
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但是1500多場比賽
在他的身體中總會留下印記
09:43
Still in his mid-50s, he suffered
severe osteoarthritis.
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在他50多歲時 已患有嚴重的關節炎
09:48
Over the next 20 years
he'd have 22 surgeries,
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接下去的二十年
他總共做了二十二次手術
09:52
including four spine operations,
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這其中包括四次脊柱手術
09:54
and hip replacement after hip replacement.
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和一次接一次的髋關節置换手術
09:58
He could barely raise
his arm, turn his neck.
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他幾乎無法舉起胳膊 轉動脖子
10:02
He needed aluminum crutches to walk.
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走路也要靠拐杖
10:05
His friends and former students
became his doctors.
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朋友和從前的學生變成了他的醫生
10:09
One recalled that he probably
had more nerve-block injections
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據說他接受的神經阻滯麻醉次數
10:14
than anyone else on the planet.
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超過世界上任何一個人
10:18
Already a workaholic,
he worked even more --
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他每天工作15到18個小時
遠超一個工作狂的定義
10:21
15- to 18-hour days.
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10:23
Healing others became more
than just his job,
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治療他人不僅僅是他的工作
10:26
it was his own most effective
form of relief.
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而是他一生的信仰
10:30
"If I wasn't as busy as I am,"
he told a reporter at the time,
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“如果我不這麼工作下去” 他告訴記者
10:34
"I would be a completely disabled guy."
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“我將會是一個廢人”
10:39
On a business trip to Florida
in the early 1980s,
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在1980年代早期
一次去佛羅里達的出差中
10:42
Bonica got a former student to drive
him to the Hyde Park area in Tampa.
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博尼卡讓一個從前的學生
載著自己去Tampa的海德公園
10:49
They drove past palm trees
and pulled up to an old mansion,
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他們穿過一排排棕櫚樹
停在了裡面有銀色巨大的加農炮的車庫前
10:53
with giant silver howitzer cannons
hidden in the garage.
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10:58
The house belonged to the Zacchini family,
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這間房子屬於査西尼一家
11:01
who were something like
American circus royalty.
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査西尼一家差不多是美國馬戲團的貴族
11:06
Decades earlier, Bonica had watched them,
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幾十年前 博尼卡曾經看過他們的表演
11:08
clad in silver jumpsuits and goggles,
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身穿銀色緊身衣頭戴護目鏡
11:11
doing the act they pioneered --
the Human Cannonball.
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來表演人體大炮
11:16
But now they were like him: retired.
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不過現在他們和他一樣 業已退休
11:21
That generation is all dead
now, including Bonica,
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那一代人都已經消逝(包括博尼卡)
11:24
so there's no way to know exactly
what they said that day.
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所以沒有人知道他們談論了什麼
11:28
But still, I love imagining it.
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不過我很喜歡想像那一天發生的事情
11:31
The strongman and the human
cannonballs reunited,
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壯漢和人體大炮表演者重逢
11:34
showing off old scars, and new ones.
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互相炫耀自己的傷疤
11:37
Maybe Bonica gave them medical advice.
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或許博尼卡告訴他們如何療傷
11:40
Maybe he told them what he later
said in an oral history,
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或許他會告訴他們
11:45
which is that his time in the circus
and wrestling deeply molded his life.
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在馬戲團和摔跤的經歷塑造了他的生活
11:53
Bonica saw pain close up.
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博尼卡將病痛視為生命的一部分
11:57
He felt it. He lived it.
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他感受它 和它為伴
12:00
And it made it impossible
for him to ignore in others.
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這讓他無法忽視其他人的痛苦
12:05
Out of that empathy, he spun
a whole new field,
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出於同情 他意外開創了一個新領域
12:08
played a major role in getting
medicine to acknowledge pain
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並於促使醫學慎重對待疼痛上
12:11
in and of itself.
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扮演了重要角色
12:14
In that same oral history,
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在一個採訪中
12:16
Bonica claimed that pain
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博尼卡曾聲稱疼痛
12:19
is the most complex human experience.
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是人類最複雜的體驗
12:24
That it involves your past life,
your current life,
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它涉及了你從前的生活 你現在的生活
12:28
your interactions, your family.
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你的家庭 你的人際關係
12:31
That was definitely true for Bonica.
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對博尼卡來說確實如此
12:34
But it was also true for my mom.
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對於我的母親 依然成立
12:40
It's easy for doctors to see my mom
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醫生很容易把我的母親視為
12:43
as a kind of professional patient,
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一個 "職業病人"
12:46
a woman who just spends her days
in waiting rooms.
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一個常年待在候診室的人
12:51
Sometimes I get stuck seeing her
that same way.
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有時我也是這麼想的
12:57
But as I saw Bonica's pain --
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但是當我審視博尼卡先生的病痛
12:59
a testament to his fully lived life --
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疼痛是他精彩一生的證明
13:03
I started to remember all the things
that my mom's pain holds.
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我逐漸回想起
我母親的疼痛所包含的種種
13:10
Before they got swollen and arthritic,
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在手指還沒因關節炎變而浮腫之前
13:14
my mom's fingers clacked away
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我母親的雙手於電腦鍵盤上
13:17
in the hospital H.R. department
where she worked.
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於醫院的人事部工作
13:21
They folded samosas for our entire mosque.
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為大家包 samosas (咖喱角)
13:26
When I was a kid, they cut my hair,
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當我還是個孩子的時候
那雙手為我理髮
13:30
wiped my nose,
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擦乾淨我的鼻子
13:32
tied my shoes.
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為我繫鞋帶
13:41
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
13:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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